Biogeography An Ecological And Evolutionary Approach 10Th Edition by C. Barry Cox, JOHN WILEY

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JOHN WILEY Biogeography An Ecological And Evolutionary Approach 10Th Edition by C. Barry Cox

Through nine successful editions, and for over 45 years, Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach has provided a thorough and comprehensive exploration of the varied scientific disciplines and research that are essential to understanding the subject. The text, noted for its clear and engaging style of writing, has been praised for its solid background in historical biogeography and basic biology, that is enhanced and illuminated by discussions of current research._x000D__x000D__x000D_This new edition incorporates the exciting changes of the recent years and presents a thoughtful exploration of the research and controversies that have transformed our understanding of the biogeography of the world. New themes and topics in this tenth edition include:_x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D_Next generation genetic technologies and their use in historical biogeography, phylogeography and population genomics_x000D__x000D_Biogeographical databases and biodiversity information systems, which are becoming increasingly important for biogeographical research_x000D__x000D_An introduction to functional biogeography and its applications to community assembly, diversity gradients and the analysis of ecosystem functioning_x000D__x000D_Updated case studies focusing on island biogeography, using the latest phylogenetic studies_x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D_Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach reveals how the patterns of life that we see today have been created by the two great Engines of the Planet: the Geological Engine, plate tectonics, which alters the conditions of life on the planet, and the Biological Engine, evolution, which responds to these changes by creating new forms and patterns of life._x000D_ _x000D_ Preface xiii_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Acknowledgements xv_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 1 Introduction 1_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Lessons from the Past 1_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 4_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Biogeography and Creation 5_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Distribution of Life Today 7_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Evolution - a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 8_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Enter Darwin - and Wallace 10_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ World Maps - the Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 13_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Getting Around the World 15_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 20_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Development of Ecological Biogeography 23_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Living Together 24_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Marine Biogeography 27_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Island Biogeography 28_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Biogeography Today 30_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Section I: The Challenge of Existing 37_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 39_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Limits of Distribution 42_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Niche 44_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Overcoming the Barriers 45_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climatic Limits: The Palms 46_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 48_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Patterns Among Plovers 51_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 55_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 57_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climatic Relicts 58_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Topographical Limits and Endemism 65_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Physical Limits 67_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Species Interactions: A Case of the Blues 73_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Competition 75_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Reducing Competition 76_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 79_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Migration 83_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Invasion 85_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 97_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Community 97_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Ecosystem 100_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Ecosystems and Species Diversity 103_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 108_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Mountain Biomes 112_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Global Patterns of Climate 116_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climate Diagrams 119_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Modelling Biomes and Climate 122_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 127_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Measuring Biodiversity: How Many Species are There? 128_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 132_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 139_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Legacy of Glaciation 141_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Latitude and Species Ranges 142_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Diversity and Altitude 143_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Biodiversity Hotspots 146_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Diversity in Space and Time 148_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 151_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 151_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Section II: The Engines of The Planet 157_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 5 Plate Tectonics 159_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 159_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Changing Patterns of Continents 164_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ How Plate Tectonics Changes the World 164_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Islands and Plate Tectonics 172_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Terranes 174_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 179_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Origin of Novelty 179_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ From Populations to Species 180_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Sympatry versus Allopatry 183_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Defining the Species 188_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Microevolution versus Macroevolution 189_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Adaptive Radiations 189_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Naming and Cataloguing the Living World 189_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Charting the Course of Evolution 190_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology Gives Way to Molecules 193_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Darwin's Finches Updated 194_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Section III: Islands and Oceans 197_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 199_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Types of Island 200_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 200_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Dying There: The Problems of Survival 202_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Adapting and Evolving 203_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Hawaiian Islands 206_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 214_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Modifying the Theory 216_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 219_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Nestedness 221_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 221_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 223_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 8 Patterns in the Oceans 235_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Zones in the Ocean and on the Sea Floor 237_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Basic Biogeography of the Seas 240_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Open?Sea Environment 240_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Ocean Floor 246_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Shallow?Sea Environment 250_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ And Finally ... Marine Biogeographical Realms of the World 263_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Section IV: Historical Biogeography 269_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 9 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 271_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Studying the Patterns 272_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Methods of Analyzing the Patterns 273_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Studying Organisms and their Molecules 287_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ An Integrative Approach to Historical Biogeography 290_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Investigating the More Distant Past 292_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 10 Geography, Life and Climates Through Time 299_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Introduction 299_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 300_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Animal Life Through the Mesozoic 304_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The End of the Mesozoic World 308_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climates and Plants Through Time 309_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Reconstructing Plant Life and Biomes 310_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Evolution of the Mammals 318_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Mesozoic Roots of the Radiation of Modern Mammals 320_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 11 Patterns of Life Today 327_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Biogeographical Regions Today 327_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The History of Today's Biogeographical Regions 334_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and Southeast Asia 334_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Australia 342_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ New Caledonia 345_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ New Zealand 346_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The West Indies 348_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ South America 351_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 359_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 12 The Arrival of the Ice Ages 367_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climatic Wiggles 368_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Interglacials and Interstadials 369_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 371_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Last Glacial 375_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Causes of Glaciation 382_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Current Interglacial: A False Start 388_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Forests on the Move 390_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Dry Lands 393_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Changing Sea Levels 396_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ A Time of Warmth 398_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Climatic Cooling 399_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Recorded History 400_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Atmosphere and Oceans: Short?Term Climate Change 402_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Future 403_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Section V: People and Problems 409_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 13 The Human Intrusion 411_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Emergence of Humans 411_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 420_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Plant Domestication and Agriculture 423_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Animal Domestication 428_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Diversification of Homo sapiens 430_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 431_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 434_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 14 Conservation Biogeography 439_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Welcome to the Anthropocene 439_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Sixth Mass Extinction? 440_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Less, and Less Interesting 444_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ What's Behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 445_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 451_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 452_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 453_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Conservation Biogeography in Action 459_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ The Future is Digital 462_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Conclusions 463_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Glossary 471_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Index 481_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ Colour plates between pages 240 and 241_x000D_