Clinical Diagnosis Cardiovascular System 2Nd Edition by RAJENDRAN, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Clinical Diagnosis Cardiovascular System 2Nd Edition by RAJENDRAN

Contents Part 1 1. Approach to Cardiovascular Diseases ................................................................................ 3 2. Chest Pain ................................................................................................................................. 6 3. Dyspnea ................................................................................................................................... 15 4. Palpitation ............................................................................................................................... 21 5. Haemoptysis ........................................................................................................................... 23 6. Edema ....................................................................................................................................... 26 7. Fatigue ...................................................................................................................................... 31 8. Anemia ..................................................................................................................................... 32 9. Cyanosis ................................................................................................................................... 35 10. Clubbing .................................................................................................................................. 38 11. Syncope .................................................................................................................................... 41 12. Pulse ......................................................................................................................................... 46 13. Blood Pressure Measurement ............................................................................................. 60 14. Jugular Venous Pulsations and Jugular Venous Pressure .......................................... 65 15. Apex Beat ................................................................................................................................ 72 16. Left Parasternal Impulse ..................................................................................................... 77 17. Thrills ....................................................................................................................................... 79 18. Auscultatory Areas ................................................................................................................ 82 19. First Heart Sound (S1) ......................................................................................................... 83 20. Second Heart Sound (S2) .................................................................................................... 86 21. Third Heart Sound (S3) ....................................................................................................... 90 22. Fourth Heart Sound (S4) ..................................................................................................... 93 23. Opening Snap (OS) .............................................................................................................. 95 24. Aortic Ejection Sound .......................................................................................................... 97 25. Pulmonary Ejection Sound ................................................................................................. 98 26. Non-ejection Systolic Click of MVP ................................................................................ 99 viii Clinical Diagnosis—Cardiovascular System 27. How to Identify the Various Heart Sounds ................................................................. 101 28. Murmurs ................................................................................................................................ 102 29. Maneuvers in the Differential Diagnosis of Murmurs ............................................. 111 30. Pericardial Rub .................................................................................................................... 113 31. How to be an Expert in Cardiac Auscultation............................................................. 115 32. How to Present the Diagnosis ......................................................................................... 117 Part 2 33. Cardiac Failure ..................................................................................................................... 121 34. Rheumatic Fever .................................................................................................................. 129 35. Mitral Stenosis ..................................................................................................................... 133 36. Chronic Mitral Regurgitation ........................................................................................... 142 37. Chronic Aortic Regurgitation ........................................................................................... 149 38. Tricuspid Regurgitation ..................................................................................................... 155 39. Congenital Heart Diseases ................................................................................................ 158 40. Atrial Septal Defect ............................................................................................................ 161 41. Ventricular Septal Defect .................................................................................................. 165 42. Patent Ductus Arteriosus ................................................................................................... 169 43. Pulmonary Stenosis ............................................................................................................ 171 44. Coarctation of Aorta ........................................................................................................... 174 45. Tetralogy of Fallot............................................................................................................... 176 46. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ................................................................................... 179 47. Cor Pulmonale ..................................................................................................................... 182 48. Systemic Hypertension ...................................................................................................... 185 49. Angina Pectoris .................................................................................................................... 193 50. Myocardial Infarction (MI) ............................................................................................... 197 51. Myocarditis ........................................................................................................................... 202 52. Cardiomyopathy .................................................................................................................. 204 53. Aortic Aneurysm ................................................................................................................. 211 54. Takayasu’s Arteritis ............................................................................................................ 215 55. Dissection of the Aorta ...................................................................................................... 217 56. Acute Arterial Occlusion—Limbs .................................................................................... 220 Contents ix 57. Aortic Embolism .................................................................................................................. 223 58. Chronic Arterial Obstruction............................................................................................ 224 59. Deep Vein Thrombosis—Leg ........................................................................................... 228 60. Superior Vena Caval Obstruction ................................................................................... 231 61. Acute Pericarditis ................................................................................................................ 232 62. Pericardial Effusion ............................................................................................................ 235 63. Constrictive Pericarditis ..................................................................................................... 239 64. Echocardiography ................................................................................................................ 242 65. X-ray Chest—CVS ............................................................................................................... 246 Index ........................................................................................................................................ 253