Description
Springer Controlling Chemical Hazards Fundamentals of the management of toxic chemicals 1st Editon 2012 Softbound by R.P. Cote, P.G. Wells
This book presents environmental protection managers and advanced students in environmental studies programs with an overview of the principles, facts, multidisciplinary approaches, and some of the complex ities of the management of toxic substances. The text explores critical issues facing managers responsible for prevent ing and controlling problems associated with the manufacture,. transport, storage, use and disposal of chemicals. It does this from two perspectives. The first is a disciplinary perspective, that is environmental chemistry, of toxicology, engineering, economics, sociology and political science, all which playa role in implementing comprehensive programs to manage chemicals. The second perspective is from the view of industry, govern ment, academia and non-government organizations. For example, Chapter 5 is authored by technical managers of a major chemical company, Chap ters 6 and 12 by government scientists and managers respectively, and Chapter 10 by a respected member of the environmental lobby. An appreciation of these perspectives is very important for developing and running effective chemical management programs. 1 The nature and scope of the toxic chemicals issue.- The scope of the issue.- The nature of the issue.- Strategic elements.- References.- 2 The environmental fate of organic chemicals.- Transport and transformation in the environment.- Environmental distribution and fate analysis.- Physico-chemical data required for environmental distribution and fate analysis.- Conclusions.- References.- 3 Basic toxicological considerations.- Toxicity, hazard and risk.- Factors which affect toxicity.- Types of effects.- Concentration (dose)—response relationships.- Toxicity testing.- Summary.- References.- 4 Ecotoxicological considerations.- Some principles of ecotoxicology.- Distinguishing ecotoxic effects.- Environmental monitoring and assessment.- Community and ecosystem toxicity testing.- Ecological risk assessment.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Integrating effect and exposure information: an industrial viewpoint.- History of risk assessment.- Risk assessment systems.- Risk assessment and risk management.- Distinctions between toxicity, hazard and risk.- The integration of effects and exposure analyses.- Risk assessment and human health.- Risk assessment of chemicals in the environment.- Examples of risk assessment.- Conclusions.- References.- 6 Control strategies and technologies.- Control strategies.- Control technologies.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Occupational and environmental health linkages.- From science to policy: accounting for historic inaction.- The historic links between occupational and environmental hazards.- Two approaches to occupational health protection.- Conclusion: responsibility for the wider environment.- References.- 8 The economic perspective.- Economics and externalities.- Linkages between the economic system and the environment.- Economic valuation of the environment.- Trading off: cost—benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment.- References.- 9 The legal perspective.- Toxic chemicals and common law.- National legislation.- International initiatives.- Conclusions.- Notes.- References.- 10 The social and political perspective: an environmentalist’s viewpoint.- A case study: the story of Canning, Nova Scotia.- The context for citizens’ concerns about chemicals.- The public perspective: a variety of interests.- The moral dimension of values conflict.- Risk and risk analysis.- Developments in the decision-making processes concerning toxic chemicals.- References.- 11 The comparative political economy of regulating chemicals.- The regulatory cycle and contending views of regulatory speed and lag.- Markets and the political economy of interests seeking and resisting regulation.- Regulation and federalism.- Regulation and interdepartmental relations.- Ministers, symbolic politics, public opinion and the mass media.- Compliance and monitoring: the thin line of implementation.- Information and the regulatory process: concealing and revealing.- Science and technology in regulation.- References.- 12 Managing toxic chemicals: a government viewpoint.- Elements of risk and its management.- Comparisons of risk.- Risk acceptability.- Risk and benefit.- Management strategies.- Conclusions.- References.- 13 The future of toxic chemicals management.- Predictability of effects and exposures.- Control strategies.- Disciplines and interests.- Economic incentives and the market.- Fragmentation.- The international dimension.- Information.- Conclusions.- Selected readings.