Description
RSC Fatty Alcohols Anthropogenic And Natural Occurrence In The Environment 2008 Edition by MUDGE,S.M., BELANGER,S.E.
Fatty alcohols occur naturally in most organisms and can also be used in consumer products including detergents and cosmetics and all of these materials make their way to the sea eventually. These long chain alcohols can be used as biomarkers due to their distinctive source allocations although they have differential degradation rates across the range of chain lengths. Concern has been raised about their inputs from anthropogenic uses and this book seeks to set out the natural and industrial synthetic pathways, sources, signatures, concentrations in the environment, toxicity and eco-toxicity before summarising their impact. Their large scale synthesis for industrial uses puts them in the 'High Production Volume' category and they will need to be addressed in REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) - a new European legislation for chemicals and substances. There is no other book that considers the fatty alcohols from their production, environmental behaviour and potential toxicity viewpoint. The book, which is also well illustrated, presents for the first time environmental data from many locations around the world and discusses the anthropogenic contributions to these places. Executive Summary; 1 - Definitions; Names and structures; Physico-Chemical Properties; Solubility vs. chain length; Partitioning (Kow) and sediment associations; Summary; 2 - Biological Synthesis; Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis; Unsaturated chains; Type II Fatty Acid Synthase; Unsaturated Compounds; Branched chains; Fatty Acid Degradation; Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase (FAR); Synthesis from carbohydrates (Copepods); Summary; 3 - Occurrence in Biota; Bacteria; Chlorophyll side chain (phytol); Marine Plants; Terrestrial Plant Waxes; Mosses and other peat forming plants; Marine animals; Insects; Birds; Summary; 4 -Consumer and Cosmetic Product Uses and Production; Introduction; Detergent Alcohols Manufacture; Oleochemical based alcohols; Oleochemical Fatty Alcohols; Petrochemical based alcohols; Internal Olefins; Conventional OXO Alcohols Based on Internal Olefins; Alcohols based on Ethylene; Ziegler Ethylene Growth Process; Ziegler Alcohols; Modified OXO Alcohols; SHOP (Shell Higher Olefin Process) ?-Olefins; SHOP Internal Olefins and Modified OXO Alcohols; Summary; Detergent Formulations; 5 - Environmental Transformations; Metabolism of Fatty Alcohols; Natural degradation; Short chain moieties; Long chain moieties; Degradation Rate Constants; Phytol degradation; Effect of chemical associations on transformation rates; "Natural" fatty alcohols in STPs; Anthropogenic fatty alcohols in STPs; Summary; 6 - Analytical methods; Overview of Methods; Methods for analysis of free fatty alcohols (and ethoxylates); Environmental Samples; Inter-laboratory comparisons; Summary; 7 - Environmental Concentrations; The Marine Environment; Victoria Harbour, BC - Estuarine Surface Sediments; ConcepcYon Bay, Chile and San Vicente Bay, Chile; Rio de Janeiro - surface sediments in a contaminated bay; Ria Formosa lagoon - surface sediments; Ria Formosa lagoon - suspended and settled sediments; Ria Formosa lagoon - shallow core from intertidal sediments; Eastern North Atlantic; San Miguel Gap, California - long marine core; Rio Grande Rise (516F of leg 72 ODP), Brazil; Falkland Plateau (511 of leg 71 ODP), S. Atlantic; Guatemalan Basin (Legs 66 & 67 ODP), Central America; Continental slope, SW of Taiwan; East China Sea, N of Taiwan; The Terrestrial Environment; Pasture land, Southern Australia; Prairie Zone soils, Alberta, Canada; UK Studies; Conwy Estuary - Estuarine Core (50 cm); Mawddach Estuary - surface sediments; The Menai Strait - surface sediments; Loch Riddon, Scotland - mid-length marine core; Clyde Sea, Scotland - surface sediments; Loe Pool, Cornwall - coastal lake; Bolton Fell Moss, Cumbria - mire; Lochnagar, Scotland - mountain lake; Loch Eil, Scotland - a marine core and Loch Lochy, Scotland - a freshwater core; Summary; 8 - Using Fatty Alcohols as Biomarkers; Stable Isotopes; 13C Composition; 2H Composition; Bacterial Biomass; Marine Fauna; Terrestrial Plants; Photosynthetic Activity; 9 - Multivariate Statistics; Chemometric methods of use with fatty alcohols; PCA; PLS; 10 - Environmental and Human Safety Aspects of Fatty Alcohols; Physical Chemistry Relevant to Safety Assessments; OECD SIAR; Summary; Physical-Chemical Overview from the OECD SIAR; Conclusions for Characterizing the OECD Long Chain Alcohols Category; Human Health and Risk; Uses and Products; Hazards for Human Health; Exposure Characterization for Human Health; Risk Characterization for Human Health; Environmental Risk; Pathways of Environmental Exposure; Environmental Effects; Measurements of Exposure for the Purpose of Environmental Risk Assessment ; Risk Characterization in the Environment; Summary; References; 11 - The Future for Fatty Alcohols.