General Studies Paper 1 2021 For Civil Services Preliminary Examination And State Examinations 1St Edition by MHE, McGraw Hill

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McGraw Hill General Studies Paper 1 2021 For Civil Services Preliminary Examination And State Examinations 1St Edition by MHE

OVERVIEWGeneral Studies Paper I 2021 is a thoroughly updated and comprehensive study material with a dedicated focus on the latest syllabus prescribed by the UPSC for Preliminary Examination. This revised annual edition employs coverage of the contemporary issues and developments. There are four main attributes to this edition viz. excellent quality, updated data, questions based on structured analysis and emerging trends, and redesigned content presentation. There is a profound change in the nature of questions and questioning techniques, and due stress has been laid on analytical aspects by correlating core concepts with the events at global and national level. This edition has undergone immense structural changes, making the content more precise and examination centric by weeding out redundant information. The 2021 edition is a one-stop solution for the aspirants to begin preparation for the Civil Services Examination. KEY FEATURES • Comprehensive coverage of the syllabus of UPSC and State Public Service Examinations, as per the latest pattern • New: Content presentation in the form of mind maps, flow charts, tables and bulleted points for easy retention • Facts linked with static concepts to enhance deeper analysis of previous year’s questions with repository of practice sessions designed and developed on emerging trends • Content development by the best-in-class authors, experienced subject experts and renowned academicians • Reliable recipe for success with a galaxy of questions at the end of each section with answers examination • New: Covers latest topics like COVID-19, pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome, nuclear waste, vaping epidemic, multi-drug resistance and much more • New: Content creation for Polity and Governance, along with thoroughly revised rest of the sections The Contributors v About the Civil Services Examination vii The Syllabus and Pattern of GS Paper – I xi A Word from the Publishers xiii Analyses of Questions xv Section–A History of India A.1 – A.159 Part-1 Ancient and Medieval India 1. Introduction A.3 2. Prehistoric Period A.5 3. Harappan Civilisation (2600–1900 Bc) A.6 4. South India A.11 5. Iron Age A.11 6. The Vedic Age A.12 7. Pre-Mauryan Period A.22 8. The Mauryan Empire (321–185 BC) A.32 9. India after the Mauryas A.42 10. The Age of the Guptas A.51 11. The Successors of Guptas: The Age of Smaller Kingdoms A.59 12. Harshavardhan (AD 606–647) A.59 13. Early Medieval India A.60 14. Socio-Economic and Religious Life (750-1200) A.67 15. Polity in Northern India A.69 16. Source Material-I A.70 17. Art, Architecture, Painting and Music A.79 18. The 15th and Early 16th Century: The Age of Vijayanagar and The Bahmanis A.79 19. The Post-Sultanate Period (1400-1525) A.83 20. Religion A.86 21. The Mughals A.88Section–A History of India A.1 – A.173 22. Cultural Developments During The Mughal Era A.97 23. The Europeans in India A.99 Part-2 The 18th Century India 24. The 18th Century India A.103 25. Dynamics of Colonial Expansion: Phase-I A.108 26. Wars Under Warren Hastings (1772-85) and Cornwallis (1786-93): Phase-II A.110 27. Expansion Under Wellesley (1798-1805): Phase-III A.111 28. British Expansion From 1809-1848: Phase- IV A.111 29. The Structure of Government and Economic Policies A.113 of The British Empire in India (1757-1857) 30. Administrative Organisation: Arms of the Colonial State A.116 31. Social and Cultural Policy A.126 32. Social and Religious Reforms in The Second Half of The 19th Century after 1858: Phase-II A.131 33. Social and Cultural Awakening Consciousness and Related Movements : Phase-III: Caste A.135 34. Uprisings Against the Colonial Rule A.136 35. Re-Organisation of The British Empire in A.142 India after 1858 Questions A.145 Answers A.172 Explanations A.173 Section–B Indian National Movement B.1 – B.62 1. Growth of Nationalism B.3 2. Congress as The Culmination of Regional Associations B.4 3. Founding of The Indian National Congress (1885) B.5 4. Early Nationalists B.6 5. Growth of Extremism or Militant Nationalism B.7 (1905-1918) 6. Swadeshi Movement B.8 7. Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism B.11 8. The Congress Split at Surat (1907) B.12 9. Separatist Trend in Indian Nationalist Politics – I B.13 10. Indian Councils Act of 1909 B.14 11. National movement and the First World War B.14 12. Gandhi and his Thought B.16 13. Rowlatt Act (1919) B.18 14. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) B.19 15. Emergence of Communists B.22 16. Independence for India League B.23 17. Simon Commission and Nehru Report B.24 18. Revolutionary Terrorism B.25 19. Peasant Movements B.25 20. Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj B.26 21. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–31) B.27 22. First Round Table Conference and Gandhi-Irwin Pact B.29 23. Second Round Table Conference B.31 24. Civil Disobedience Resumed (1932–34) B.32 25. The Congress Socialist Party B.33 26. Separatist Trends-III B.35 27. Indian Freedom Struggle B.36 28. Congress Crisis and Formation of Forward Bloc B.36 29. Quit India Movement B.39 30. Indian National Army and Netaji B.41 31. Developments Under Wavell B.42 32. Independence and Partition (1945–47) B.44 33. National Activities Among Women B.45 Questions B.47 Answers B.54 Questions B.55 Answers B.63 Section–C Indian and World Geography C.1 – C.161 Part-1: Geography: A Study of the Earth 1. Introduction C.3 2. Branches of Geography C.3 3. Origin of The Earth C.4 4. The Earth and its Position in the Solar System C.6 Questions C.13 Answers C.14 Explanatory Notes C.14 Part-2: The Lithosphere 1. Introduction C.15 2. Landforms C.16 3. Forces and Processes Affecting the Earth’s Crust C.19 4. External forces and their Impact C.23 5. Erosion C.24 6. Cycle of Erosion C.27 7. Soils C.28 Questions C.33 Answers C.34 Part-3: Atmosphere 1. The Atmosphere C.35 2. Weather and Climate C.37 3. Atmospheric Pressure C.42 4. Winds C.44 5. States of Water and Heat Exchange C.48 6. Air Masses and Fronts C.51 7. Cyclones and Anticyclones C.53 8. Types of Climate C.54 Questions C.55 Answers C.57 Part-4: Hydrosphere 1. Introduction C.58 2. The Hydrosphere C.60 3. Salinity C.62 4. Temperature of Oceans C.63 5. Waves and Currents C.63 6. Marine Resources C.67 Questions C.68 Answers C.69 Part-5: Human Geography 1. Introduction C.70 2. Migration C.73 3. Settlements C.74 Questions C.76 Answers C.77 Part-6: Economic Geography 1. Economic Geography C.78 2. World Agriculture C.79 3. Animal Rearing and Animal Products C.83 4. Forestry and Forest Products C.84 5. Important Minerals and Power Resources and Leading Producers C.86 6. Chief Industrial Products and Leading Producers C.86 7. Major Products of Various Natural Regions C.87 8. Some Important Boundary Lines C.90 Questions C.91 Answers C.92 Part-7: Some Important Terms and Definitions in Geography Some Important Terms and Definitions in Geography C.93 Part-8: Geography of India: Physical 1. Introduction C.99 2. Physiography C.101 3. Drainage C.104 4. Climate C.106 5. Soils C.111 6. Natural Vegetation, Plant and Animal Life C.113 Questions C.91 Answers C.92 Part-9: India: Economic Geography 1. Agriculture C.125 2. Animal Husbandry C.131 3. Irrigation and Power C.132 4. Mineral Resources C.135 5. Industries C.138 6. Transport and Communications C.140 Questions C.151 Answers C.153 Part-10: India: Human Geography 1. Population C.154 2. Settlements C.159 Questions C.160 Answers C.162 Part-11: Geoinformatics 1. Remote Sensing C.163 2. Aerial Photography C.163 3. Remote Sensing Satellites and Satellite Data Products C.164 4. Space Imaging Programmes C.166 5. Meteorological Satellites C.167 6. Radar Systems C.167 7. Lidar C.168 8. Indian Space Programme C.168 9. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites C.168 10. Indian Launch Vehicles C.169 11. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS): NAVIC C.169 Section–D Indian Polity and Governance D.1 – D.119 11. The Constitution D.3 2. The Union and its Territory-Part I D.7 3. Citizenship D.9 4. Fundamental Rights D.12 5. Fundamental Duties-Part IV A D.23 6. Directive Principles of State Policy - Part IV D.24 7. The President D.27 8. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers D.29 9. The Parliament D.30 9.9 Powers and Functions of Parliament D.36 10. The Supreme Court D.37 11. State Executive D.39 12. The State Legislature D.41 13. High Courts D.43 14. The Union Territories D.44 15. Relations Between the Union and The States - Part XI D.45 17. Amendment of the Constitution D.49 18. Services Under the Union and the States D.50 19. Key Functionaries D.52 21. Official Language D.55 22. Present Status of Jammu & Kashmir D.56 23. Funds D.57 24. Elections D.57 25. Local Government D.58 26. Community Development D.61 27. Schedules of Indian Constitution D.61 28. Citizenship Amendment Act D.63 29. Lateral Entry in Civil Services D.68 30. The Right to Information (Amendment) Act, 2019 D.70 31. Governor's Role D.72 32. Data Protection - Privacy vs. Innovation D.78 34. Use of Article 131 by States D.82 35. Section 377 of IPC D.85 36. Election Funding D.89 37. Uniform Civil Code D.91 38. Right to Protest and Freedom of Speech D.94 Questions D.97 Answers D.106 Explanatory Notes D.106 Section–E Economic and Social Development E.1 – E.83 1. Economic Development E.3 Questions E.5 Answers E.6 2. Measuring Economic Growth and Development E.6 Questions E.10 Answers E.11 3. Planning for Development—Vision Document of India E.12 Questions E.14 Answers E.15 4. Sustainable Development E.15 Questions E.20 Answers E.21 5. Poverty E.21 Questions E.25 Answers E.27 6. Inclusion E.27 Questions E.30 Answers E.30 7. Gender and Development E.31 Questions E.34 Answers E.35 8. Demographics E.35 Questions E.39 Answers E.40 9. Inflation and Economic Development E.40 Questions E.43 Answers E.44 10. Agriculture E.44 Questions E.47 Answers E.49 11. Industry E.49 Questions E.51 Answers E.51 12. Urbanisation E.51 Questions E.55 Answers E.55 13. Public Finance E.55 Questions E.60 Answers E.61 14. Money, Banking and Monetary Policy E.62 Questions E.67 Answers E.68 15. Foreign Trade and Foreign Exchange E.69 Questions E.70 Answers E.71 16. Government's Initiatives in the Social Sector E.71 Questions E.78 Answers E.79 Glossary E.97 Section–F Environmental Ecology, Bio-Diversity and Climate Change F.1 – F.90 Part-1: Environmental Ecology, Bio-Diversity and Climate Change 1. Introduction F.3 2. Energy Resources F.9 3. Environmental Degradation F.15 4. Depletion of Natural Resources F.16 5. Solid and Hazardous Waste F.17 6. Conservation of Natural Resources F.21 7. Pollution F.23 Questions F.27 Answers F.34 Part-2: Biodiversity Section-A: Biological Aspects of Biodiversity 1. What is Biodiversity? F.35 2. Biodiversity and Man F.36 3. Threats to Biodiversity F.40 4. Wildlife in India F.45 Questions F.54 Answers F.60 Section B: The Chemical Aspects of Biodiversity 1. Chemical Threats to Biodiversity F.61 2. Spotlight F.69 3. Saviours of Biodiversity F.69 • Revision Capsule F.73 • Saviours of Biodiversity F.74 Questions F.75 Answers F.78 Part-3: Climate Change 1. Climate change F.79 2. Theories of climate Change F.81 3. Global Warming F.82 4. Global Opinions and Response F.84 5. Ozone Layer Protection F.85 6. International Initiatives on Climate F.85 Questions F.86 Answers F.90 Section–G General Science G.1 – G.345 Part-1: Science and Technology 1. Science and Technology: Introduction and G.3 Achievements of India 2. NITI AAYOG G.3 3. Biotechnology in Environment and Energy G.7 4. Space and Satellite Technology Programmes of India G.7 5. Satellite G.7 6. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite System G.7 7. Launch Vehicles G.8 8. Navigation Technology G.9 9. Recent Satellite Launching Achievements of India G.9 10. Defence Science Programmes and DRDO G.10 11. Missile Technology Programmes of India G.10 12. Propulsion Systems for Missiles G.10 13. Different Missiles Developed in India G.11 14. Strategically Important Missiles G.11 15. Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programmes G.12 16. Submarines of the Indian Navy G.13 17. Indian Army Tanks and Armoured Vehicles G.13 18. Indian Air Force Aircrafts G.13 19. Nuclear Energy Programmes of India G.14 20. Research Reactors in India G.15 21. Nuclear Reactors of India G.16 22. Nucear Waste Mangement G.16 23. Nuclear Tests of India G.16 24. India’s Nuclear doctrine G.17 25. NPT and INDIA G.17 26. CTBT and INDIA G.17 27 Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) and India-US Nuclear Deal G.17 28. ALternative Systems of Medicine G.17 29. Information & Computer Technology G.18 30. Modulation G.18 31. Domain Names G.19 32. Computer Virus G.19 33. Cyber Crime and Cyber Security G.19 34. 3D-Printing G.20 35. Important Topics in Brief and Useful Terms G.21 Questions G.28 Answers G.33 Part-2: Biosciences: Botany and Zoology 1. The Study of Life G.34 2. Cell—The Basic Unit of Life G.41 3. Classification of Living Organisms G.48 4. Organisation of The Living Body G.56 5. Nutrition G.62 6. Respiration G.73 7. The Transport System G.77 8. Excretion of Metabolic Wastes G.80 9. Biocommunication G.85 10. Muscle Movement (Contraction) G.93 11. Skeletal System G.95 12. Reproduction—Perpetuation of The Species G.98 13. Plant Growth and Development G.104 14. Genetics—The Science of Heredity G.109 15. Plant Diseases G.127 16. Human Diseases and Defense Mechanism G.131 17. Environmental Biology Organisms in G.143 Relation to their Surroundings 18. Origin and Evolution of Life G.154 19. Drug Abuse and Alcoholism G.159 20. Animal Husbandry G.162 21. Plants and Human Welfare G.169 Questions G.192 Answers G.195 Glossary G.195 Part-3: Physics 1. Physical World, Measurement and Mechanics G.202 Questions G.208 Answers G.210 2. Forces, Moments and Properties of Matter G.210 Questions G.220 Answers G.222 3. Heat, Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation G.222 Questions G.229 Answers G.232 4. Light and Sound G.232 Questions G.241 Answers G.243 5. Electricity and Magnetism G.243 Questions G.247 Answers G.250 6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics G.250 Questions G.252 Answers G.255 7. Semiconductor Devices and Communication G.255 Questions G.258 Answers G.260 Part-4: Chemistry 1. Introduction G.261 2. Matter and its Nature G.262 3. Kinetic Theory of Matter G.265 4. Chemical Reactions and The Chemical Equations G.265 5. Structure of The Atom G.265 6. Periodic Table of Elements G.267 7. Chemical Bonding G.268 8. Oxidation and Reduction G.269 Questions G.270 Answers G.272 9. Oxygen and Air G.272 10. Hydrogen and Water G.273 Questions G.275 Answers G.276 11. Carbon and its Compounds G.277 Questions G.279 Answers G.281 12. Nitrogen and its Compounds G.281 Questions G.284 Answers G.286 13. Acids, Bases and Salts G.282 14. Metals and their Occurrence G.282 15. Petroleum and Natural Gas G.286 16. Iron and Steel G.287 17. Colloids, Micelles, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology G.287 18. Agricultural Chemistry G.290 Questions G.291 Answers G.293 19. Medicinal Chemistry G.293 Questions G.296 Answers G.299 20. Food Chemistry G.299 21. Biochemistry and Life Processes G.300 22. Polymers and Plastics G.301 Questions G.303 Answers G.305 23. Electrochemistry G.305 24. Dyes G.305 25. Biotechnology G.306 Questions G.308 Answers G.310 26 International Symbols for Units G.310 27. Carbohydrates G.311 28. Proteins G.312 29. Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids G.313 Questions G.313 Answers G.315 30. Important Bioactive Compounds G.315 31. Fats G.315 32. Important Laws Governing Gases, Liquids G.316 and Solutions 33. Bioterrorism G.316 34. Thermodynamics G.317 Questions G.317 Answers G.319 35. Important Concepts and Topics G.319 Glossary G.326 Questions G.339 Answers G.345 Section–H General Knowledge H.1 – H.122 1. General Information about India H.3 2. Culture of India H.16 3. Monuments of India H.50 4. Cultural Institutions of India H.54 5. General Information about the World H.55 6. International Organisations H.57 7. International Treaties and Agreements H.66 8. On-Going Wars and Flashpoints H.70 9. Ongoing Major Non-War Disputes H.72 10. Geographical Facts H.75 11. Miscellaneous H.85 12. Sports in India H.102 13. Other Important Issues H.106 14. The Evolution of Earth and Man: In a Broad Sweep H.115 15. Discoveries and Inventions of 2017 H.116 Section–I Current Affairs I.1 – I.78 1. June-2019 I.3 2. July-2019 I.11 3. August-2019 I.16 4. September-2019 I.24 5. October-2019 I.31 6. November 2019 I.38 7. December-2019 I.41 8. January-2020 I.46 9. February-2020 I.50 10. March-2019 I.54 11. April-2020 I.60 12. May-2020 I.64 13. June-2020 I.67 Questions I.72 Answers I.78 Section–J Model Test Papers J.1 – J.21 Model Test Paper-1 J.3 Answers J.11 Model Test Paper-2 J.12 Answers J.21 Section – K Previous Years’ Papers Question Paper-2019 K.3 Answers K.12 Explanatory Notes K.12 Question Paper-2018 K.16 Answers K.24 Explanatory Notes K.25