Description
JOHN WILEY Power System Protection 2nd Edition by ANDERSON P.M.
A newly updated guide to the protection of power systems in the 21st century Power System Protection, 2nd Edition combines brand new information about the technological and business developments in the field of power system protection that have occurred since the last edition was published in 1998. _x000D__x000D_The new edition includes updates on the effects of short circuits on: _x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D_Power quality_x000D_Multiple setting groups_x000D_Quadrilateral distance relay characteristics_x000D_Loadability_x000D__x000D_It also includes comprehensive information about the impacts of business changes, including deregulation, disaggregation of power systems, dependability, and security issues. Power System Protection provides the analytical basis for design, application, and setting of power system protection equipment for today's engineer. Updates from protection engineers with distinct specializations contribute to a comprehensive work covering all aspects of the field. _x000D__x000D_New regulations and new components included in modern power protection systems are discussed at length. Computer-based protection is covered in-depth, as is the impact of renewable energy systems connected to distribution and transmission systems._x000D__x000D_
Author Biographies xxv_x000D_
_x000D_
Preface to the Second Edition xxvii_x000D_
_x000D_
List of Symbols xxix_x000D_
_x000D_
Part I Protective Devices and Controls 1_x000D_
_x000D_
1 Introduction 3_x000D_
_x000D_
1.1 Power System Protection 3_x000D_
_x000D_
1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 3_x000D_
_x000D_
1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8_x000D_
_x000D_
1.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 9_x000D_
_x000D_
1.5 System Disturbances 11_x000D_
_x000D_
1.6 Book Contents 12_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 14_x000D_
_x000D_
References 15_x000D_
_x000D_
2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17_x000D_
_x000D_
2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17_x000D_
_x000D_
2.2 Typical Relay Connections 19_x000D_
_x000D_
2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 22_x000D_
_x000D_
2.4 Instrument Transformers 23_x000D_
_x000D_
2.5 Relay Control Configurations 37_x000D_
_x000D_
2.6 Optical Communications 38_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 42_x000D_
_x000D_
References 44_x000D_
_x000D_
3 Protective Device Characteristics 47_x000D_
_x000D_
3.1 Introduction 47_x000D_
_x000D_
3.2 Fuse Characteristics 48_x000D_
_x000D_
3.3 Relay Characteristics 61_x000D_
_x000D_
3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 87_x000D_
_x000D_
3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 93_x000D_
_x000D_
3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 98_x000D_
_x000D_
3.7 Circuit Switchers 100_x000D_
_x000D_
3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 103_x000D_
_x000D_
References 103_x000D_
_x000D_
4 Relay Logic 109_x000D_
_x000D_
4.1 Introduction 109_x000D_
_x000D_
4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 110_x000D_
_x000D_
4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 111_x000D_
_x000D_
4.4 Analog Relay Logic 125_x000D_
_x000D_
4.5 Digital Relay Logic 128_x000D_
_x000D_
4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 139_x000D_
_x000D_
4.7 Relays as Comparators 140_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 153_x000D_
_x000D_
References 157_x000D_
_x000D_
5 System Characteristics 163_x000D_
_x000D_
5.1 Power System Faults 163_x000D_
_x000D_
5.2 Station Arrangements 176_x000D_
_x000D_
5.3 Overhead Line Impedances 182_x000D_
_x000D_
5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 184_x000D_
_x000D_
5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 188_x000D_
_x000D_
5.6 The Compensation Theorem 202_x000D_
_x000D_
5.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 210_x000D_
_x000D_
References 214_x000D_
_x000D_
Part II Protection Concepts 215_x000D_
_x000D_
6 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 217_x000D_
_x000D_
6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 217_x000D_
_x000D_
6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 219_x000D_
_x000D_
6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 222_x000D_
_x000D_
6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 233_x000D_
_x000D_
6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 236_x000D_
_x000D_
6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 241_x000D_
_x000D_
6.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 269_x000D_
_x000D_
References 276_x000D_
_x000D_
7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 277_x000D_
_x000D_
7.1 Introduction 277_x000D_
_x000D_
7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 278_x000D_
_x000D_
7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 285_x000D_
_x000D_
7.4 Unit Protection 299_x000D_
_x000D_
7.5 Ground Fault Protection 301_x000D_
_x000D_
7.6 Summary 310_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 311_x000D_
_x000D_
References 315_x000D_
_x000D_
8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 317_x000D_
_x000D_
8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 317_x000D_
_x000D_
8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 320_x000D_
_x000D_
8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 327_x000D_
_x000D_
8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 328_x000D_
_x000D_
8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 330_x000D_
_x000D_
8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 333_x000D_
_x000D_
8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 335_x000D_
_x000D_
8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 336_x000D_
_x000D_
8.9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 338_x000D_
_x000D_
8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 340_x000D_
_x000D_
8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 341_x000D_
_x000D_
8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 342_x000D_
_x000D_
8.13 Impedance at the Relay 346_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 348_x000D_
_x000D_
References 350_x000D_
_x000D_
9 Impedance at the Relay 351_x000D_
_x000D_
9.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, ZR 351_x000D_
_x000D_
9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 353_x000D_
_x000D_
9.3 The Circle Loci Z = P/(1+/-YK) 356_x000D_
_x000D_
9.4 ZR Loci Construction 357_x000D_
_x000D_
9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 363_x000D_
_x000D_
9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 371_x000D_
_x000D_
9.7 Construction of M Circles 375_x000D_
_x000D_
9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 384_x000D_
_x000D_
References 388_x000D_
_x000D_
10 Admittance at the Relay 391_x000D_
_x000D_
10.1 Admittance Diagrams 391_x000D_
_x000D_
10.2 Input Admittance Loci 392_x000D_
_x000D_
10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 395_x000D_
_x000D_
10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 400_x000D_
_x000D_
10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 404_x000D_
_x000D_
10.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 408_x000D_
_x000D_
Reference 411_x000D_
_x000D_
Part III Transmission Protection 413_x000D_
_x000D_
11 Analysis of Distance Protection 415_x000D_
_x000D_
11.1 Introduction 415_x000D_
_x000D_
11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 415_x000D_
_x000D_
11.3 Impedance at the Relay 429_x000D_
_x000D_
11.4 Distance Relay Settings 439_x000D_
_x000D_
11.5 Ground Distance Protection 447_x000D_
_x000D_
11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 449_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 452_x000D_
_x000D_
References 454_x000D_
_x000D_
12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 457_x000D_
_x000D_
12.1 Introduction 457_x000D_
_x000D_
12.2 Line Impedances 458_x000D_
_x000D_
12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 469_x000D_
_x000D_
12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 476_x000D_
_x000D_
12.5 Long Transmission Lines 484_x000D_
_x000D_
12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 493_x000D_
_x000D_
12.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 504_x000D_
_x000D_
References 507_x000D_
_x000D_
13 Pilot Protection Systems 509_x000D_
_x000D_
13.1 Introduction 510_x000D_
_x000D_
13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 512_x000D_
_x000D_
13.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 523_x000D_
_x000D_
13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 536_x000D_
_x000D_
13.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 548_x000D_
_x000D_
13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 554_x000D_
_x000D_
13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 561_x000D_
_x000D_
13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 567_x000D_
_x000D_
References 569_x000D_
_x000D_
14 Complex Transmission Protection 573_x000D_
_x000D_
14.1 Introduction 573_x000D_
_x000D_
14.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 573_x000D_
_x000D_
14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 581_x000D_
_x000D_
14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 613_x000D_
_x000D_
References 617_x000D_
_x000D_
15 Series Compensated Line Protection 619_x000D_
_x000D_
15.1 Introduction 619_x000D_
_x000D_
15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 621_x000D_
_x000D_
15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 634_x000D_
_x000D_
15.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 653_x000D_
_x000D_
15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 674_x000D_
_x000D_
15.6 Line Protection Experience 678_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 680_x000D_
_x000D_
References 683_x000D_
_x000D_
Part IV Apparatus Protection 685_x000D_
_x000D_
16 Bus Protection 687_x000D_
_x000D_
16.1 Introduction 687_x000D_
_x000D_
16.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 688_x000D_
_x000D_
16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 689_x000D_
_x000D_
16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 691_x000D_
_x000D_
16.5 Bus Differential Protection 692_x000D_
_x000D_
16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 708_x000D_
_x000D_
16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 716_x000D_
_x000D_
16.8 Summary 717_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 717_x000D_
_x000D_
References 719_x000D_
_x000D_
17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 721_x000D_
_x000D_
17.1 Introduction 721_x000D_
_x000D_
17.2 Transformer Faults 722_x000D_
_x000D_
17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 729_x000D_
_x000D_
17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 732_x000D_
_x000D_
17.5 Protection Against Active Faults 735_x000D_
_x000D_
17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 748_x000D_
_x000D_
17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 750_x000D_
_x000D_
17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 752_x000D_
_x000D_
17.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 759_x000D_
_x000D_
References 761_x000D_
_x000D_
18 Generator Protection 763_x000D_
_x000D_
18.1 Introduction 763_x000D_
_x000D_
18.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 764_x000D_
_x000D_
18.3 Stator Protection 766_x000D_
_x000D_
18.4 Rotor Protection 781_x000D_
_x000D_
18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 785_x000D_
_x000D_
18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 789_x000D_
_x000D_
18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 800_x000D_
_x000D_
References 803_x000D_
_x000D_
19 Motor Protection 805_x000D_
_x000D_
19.1 Introduction 805_x000D_
_x000D_
19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 806_x000D_
_x000D_
19.3 Induction Motor Heating 824_x000D_
_x000D_
19.4 Motor Problems 837_x000D_
_x000D_
19.5 Classifications of Motors 843_x000D_
_x000D_
19.6 Stator Protection 845_x000D_
_x000D_
19.7 Rotor Protection 851_x000D_
_x000D_
19.8 Other Motor Protections 852_x000D_
_x000D_
19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 854_x000D_
_x000D_
References 858_x000D_
_x000D_
Part V System Aspects of Protection 861_x000D_
_x000D_
20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 863_x000D_
_x000D_
20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 863_x000D_
_x000D_
20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 864_x000D_
_x000D_
20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 866_x000D_
_x000D_
20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 869_x000D_
_x000D_
20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 886_x000D_
_x000D_
20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 887_x000D_
_x000D_
20.7 Underfrequency Protection 889_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 903_x000D_
_x000D_
References 905_x000D_
_x000D_
21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 909_x000D_
_x000D_
21.1 Introduction 909_x000D_
_x000D_
21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 909_x000D_
_x000D_
21.3 System Transient Behavior 918_x000D_
_x000D_
21.4 Automatic Reclosing 929_x000D_
_x000D_
21.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 949_x000D_
_x000D_
21.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 957_x000D_
_x000D_
21.7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 960_x000D_
_x000D_
21.8 Summary 968_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 968_x000D_
_x000D_
References 970_x000D_
_x000D_
22 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 973_x000D_
_x000D_
22.1 Introduction 973_x000D_
_x000D_
22.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 974_x000D_
_x000D_
22.3 Converter Station Design 992_x000D_
_x000D_
22.4 Ac Side Protection 999_x000D_
_x000D_
22.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 1002_x000D_
_x000D_
22.6 Special HVDC Protections 1012_x000D_
_x000D_
22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 1015_x000D_
_x000D_
22.8 Summary 1016_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1016_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1018_x000D_
_x000D_
23 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 1021_x000D_
_x000D_
23.1 Introduction 1021_x000D_
_x000D_
23.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 1022_x000D_
_x000D_
23.3 Converter Control Systems 1028_x000D_
_x000D_
23.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 1030_x000D_
_x000D_
23.5 Ac System Protection 1031_x000D_
_x000D_
23.6 Dc Faults 1035_x000D_
_x000D_
23.7 Multiterminal Systems 1037_x000D_
_x000D_
23.8 Hybrid LCC-VSC Systems 1037_x000D_
_x000D_
23.9 Summary 1038_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1038_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1039_x000D_
_x000D_
24 Protection of Independent Power Producer Interconnections 1041_x000D_
_x000D_
24.1 Introduction 1041_x000D_
_x000D_
24.2 Renewable Resources 1042_x000D_
_x000D_
24.3 Transmission Interconnections 1042_x000D_
_x000D_
24.4 Distribution Interconnections 1053_x000D_
_x000D_
24.5 Summary 1060_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1061_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1061_x000D_
_x000D_
25 SSR and SSCI Protection 1063_x000D_
_x000D_
25.1 Introduction 1063_x000D_
_x000D_
25.2 SSR Overview 1063_x000D_
_x000D_
25.3 SSR and SSCI System Countermeasures 1073_x000D_
_x000D_
25.4 SSR Source Countermeasures 1079_x000D_
_x000D_
25.5 Summary 1093_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1093_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1095_x000D_
_x000D_
Part VI Reliability of Protective Systems 1101_x000D_
_x000D_
26 Basic Reliability Concepts 1103_x000D_
_x000D_
26.1 Introduction 1103_x000D_
_x000D_
26.2 Probability Fundamentals 1103_x000D_
_x000D_
26.3 Random Variables 1110_x000D_
_x000D_
26.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 1127_x000D_
_x000D_
26.5 Reliability Models 1129_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1141_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1143_x000D_
_x000D_
27 Reliability Analysis 1145_x000D_
_x000D_
27.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 1145_x000D_
_x000D_
27.2 Fault Trees 1154_x000D_
_x000D_
27.3 Reliability Evaluation 1166_x000D_
_x000D_
27.4 Other Analytical Methods 1174_x000D_
_x000D_
27.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1182_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1190_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1195_x000D_
_x000D_
28 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 1197_x000D_
_x000D_
28.1 Introduction 1197_x000D_
_x000D_
28.2 System Disturbance Models 1197_x000D_
_x000D_
28.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 1208_x000D_
_x000D_
28.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1246_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1256_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1259_x000D_
_x000D_
29 Fault Tree Analysis of Protective Systems 1261_x000D_
_x000D_
29.1 Introduction 1261_x000D_
_x000D_
29.2 Fault Tree Analysis 1262_x000D_
_x000D_
29.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 1273_x000D_
_x000D_
29.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1297_x000D_
_x000D_
Problems 1306_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1310_x000D_
_x000D_
30 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 1311_x000D_
_x000D_
30.1 Introduction 1311_x000D_
_x000D_
30.2 Testing of Protective Systems 1312_x000D_
_x000D_
30.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 1317_x000D_
_x000D_
30.4 Monitoring and Self-testing 1331_x000D_
_x000D_
30.5 The Unreadiness Probability 1337_x000D_
_x000D_
30.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 1341_x000D_
_x000D_
30.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1350_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1356_x000D_
_x000D_
Appendix A Protection Terminology 1359_x000D_
_x000D_
A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1359_x000D_
_x000D_
A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1361_x000D_
_x000D_
A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1363_x000D_
_x000D_
A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1366_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1368_x000D_
_x000D_
Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1371_x000D_
_x000D_
B.1 Device Function Numbers 1371_x000D_
_x000D_
B.2 Devices Performing More than One Function 1371_x000D_
_x000D_
B.2.1 Suffix Numbers 1373_x000D_
_x000D_
B.2.2 Suffix Letters 1373_x000D_
_x000D_
B.2.3 Representation of Device Contacts on Electrical Diagrams 1374_x000D_
_x000D_
Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1375_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1387_x000D_
_x000D_
Appendix D Transformer Data 1389_x000D_
_x000D_
Appendix E 500 kV Transmission Line Data 1393_x000D_
_x000D_
E.1 Tower Design 1393_x000D_
_x000D_
E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1393_x000D_
_x000D_
E.3 Total Line Impedance and Admittance 1394_x000D_
_x000D_
E.4 Nominal Pi 1395_x000D_
_x000D_
E.5 ABCD Parameters 1395_x000D_
_x000D_
E.6 Equivalent Pi 1395_x000D_
_x000D_
E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1397_x000D_
_x000D_
E.8 Normalization 1399_x000D_
_x000D_
E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1399_x000D_
_x000D_
References 1400_x000D_
_x000D_
Index 1401_x000D_
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