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Springer Prevention in Clinical Practice 1st Editon 2012 Softbound by D.H. Becker, L.B. Gardner
Prevention of disease and injury, including early identification of risks and disease and optimal control of potentially debilitating or fatal complications of chronic conditions, is the area of clinical medicine that holds the greatest promise for improving human health. Each year a long list of major, but potentially preventable health problems exacts a terrible human and financial toll. These problems urgently need our attention, especially as major advances in curative medicine become more complex and costly. Prevention of disease and injury may well be the central health issue of our time, an issue of vital concern to every quarter of our society. Now is a very good time to promote prevention. Citizens and some social groups are increasingly aware of and interested in health and fitness issues. There is great enthusiasm about-even obsession with-health, and we are seeing an astonishing proliferation of health publications and media presentations for laymen, fitness and weight control cen ters, exercise programs, health food stores, disease support groups, health education programs, and do-it-yourself diagnostic kits. All of this betokens an increased health consciousness on the part of public and perhaps signals greater individual accountability for health. 1. Patterns of Illness and Medical Practice in the United States.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morbidity and Mortality in the United States.- 2.1. Adolescents and Young Adults.- 2.2. Adults.- 2.3. Elderly.- 3. Patterns of Practice.- 4. Prevention.- References.- 2. History of Preventive Medicine.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Personal Health.- 3. Society.- 4. Applied Science.- 5. United States.- References.- 3. Screening for Early Disease: Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Disease.- 1.2. Identification of Risk Factors for the Development of Disease.- 1.3. Monitoring the Result of an Intervention Aiding in Disease Prevention.- 2. Terminology.- 2.1. Two-by-Two Table.- 2.2. Gold Standard.- 2.3. Sensitivity and Specificity.- 2.4. Accuracy of Positive Prediction and Accuracy of Negative Prediction.- 2.5. Prevalence.- 2.6. Reliability.- 3. Effect of Prevalence on Predictive Values.- 4. Characteristics of a Good Screening Test.- 4.1. High Sensitivity.- 4.2. Relatively High Specificity.- 4.3. Simplicity.- 4.4. Safety.- 4.5. Acceptability.- 4.6. Low Cost.- 5. Factors That Affect Sensitivity and Specificity.- 5.1. Spectrum of Patients.- 5.2. Bias.- 5.3. Exercise Testing as an Example.- 6. Characteristics of Diseases for which Screening Is Worthwhile.- 6.1. Relatively High Prevalence.- 6.2. Long Duration.- 6.3. Serious Consequences.- 6.4. Treatable Disease.- 7. Distortions Created by Screening.- 7.1. Pseudodisease.- 7.2. Bias.- 8. Application of Diagnostic Test Theory to Screening Tests.- 8.1. Syphilis Screening.- 8.2. Screening for Coronary Artery Disease.- 8.3. Screening for Breast Cancer.- References.- 4. Adult Immunization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Influenza Vaccine.- 3. Pneumococcal Vaccine.- 4. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines.- 5. Poliomyelitis Vaccines.- 6. Combined Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoid.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Indications for Use.- 2.1. Exposure to a Specific Pathogen.- 2.2. Predisposition to Infection.- 2.3. Surgical Infections.- References.- 6. Hepatitis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hepatitis A.- 2.1. The Virus.- 2.2. Epidemiology.- 2.3. Mode of Transmission.- 2.4. Incidence.- 2.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability.- 2.6. Strategies for Prevention and Infection.- 2.7. Prevention of Viral Spread.- 2.8. Passive Immunoprophylaxis.- 3. Hepatitis B.- 3.1. The Virus.- 3.2. Spectrum of Disease.- 3.3. Epidemiology.- 3.4. Modes of Transmission.- 3.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability.- 3.6. Strategies for Prevention of Infection.- 4. Delta Agent.- 4.1. The Virus.- 4.2. Spectrum of Disease.- 4.3. Epidemiology.- 4.4. Modes of Transmission.- 4.5. Strategies for Prevention of Infection.- 5. Non-A-Non-B Hepatitis.- 5.1. The Virus.- 5.2. Spectrum of Disease.- 5.3. Epidemiology.- 5.4. Strategies for Prevention of Infection.- References.- 7. Streptococcal Pharyngitis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epidemiology.- 2.1. Streptococcal Pharyngitis.- 2.2. Rheumatic Fever.- 3. Rationale for Treatment.- 4. Diagnosis.- 4.1. Clinical Diagnosis of GABHS Pharyngitis.- 4.2. Throat Culture.- 4.3. Rapid Tests Utilizing Group A Streptococcal Antigen.- 4.4. Use of Tests in Clinical Situations.- 5. Prevention of Rheumatic Fever.- 6. Prevention of Recurrences of Rheumatic Fever.- 7. Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis.- 8. Endocarditis Prophylaxis.- 9. Future Developments.- References.- 8. Tuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epidemiology.- 2.1. Risk of Infection.- 2.2. Risk of Active Disease.- 3. Preventive Strategies.- 3.1. Primary Prevention—BCG Vaccination.- 3.2. Secondary Prevention.- 4. Active Tuberculosis.- 5. Special Situations.- 5.1. Urban Tuberculosis and the Homeless.- 5.2. Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.- 5.3. Tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9. Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- 1. Introductio