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SPRINGER Target Pattern Recognition In Innate Immunity 2009 Edition by KISHORE, UDAY
Target pattern recognition in innate immunity is responsible for the immediate, usually protective, responses shown against invading microorganisms, and it is the principal feature of self and non-self recognition by virtue of the recognition of structures on the microbial pathogens, which are not found on host cells. This is an area that has been very actively researched, over approximately the past 12 years, and therefore this volume provides a timely comprehensive, and up to date, summary of the types and range of cell surface, intracellular, and secreted, host proteins involved in the recognition of microbial products, and of the protective mechanisms triggered as a result of the recognition events.The Toll-like receptors, first described in Drosophila and now well-characterised on human cells, provide an excellent demonstration of the wide range of different microbial products recognised by this family of receptors and of the signalling pathways which are triggered thus leading to induction of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of genes producing antimicrobial products. In addition, several cell surface proteins involved in target pattern recognition have been described on the surfaces of macrophages (macrophage mannose receptor and macrophage scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be involved with the uptake and clearance of whole microorganisms and polyanioic ligands. Pattern recognition is also utilised by intracellular receptors, with NOD-like receptors in the cytosol recognizing microbial molecules and activating the production of inflammatory cytokines or pathways that induce the production of inflammatory molecules. Secreted proteins, such as the pentraxins, which includes the acute phase reacting, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid protein (SAP), and the collectins (mannan binding lectin, lung surfactant protein A and D) and ficolins can also readily recruit killing and clearance systems. Indeed, the serum complement system, which is one of the major defence systems in the bloodstream, is efficiently activated by CR P on its binding to the phosphocholine groups of microbial phospholipids-and the subsequent interaction of the bound CR P with C1q-to give classical pathway activation, or MBL, or ficolin, binding to arrays of mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues, respectively, on the surfaces of microorganisms-to give lectin pathway activation. Also, in addition to the activation and clearance events associated with complement activation by some of the secreted pattern recognition receptors, it is accepted that all these pattern recognition receptors can generally accelerate the uptake and clearance of microbes via phagocytic cells.In view of the growing interest in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity, a thorough understanding of the initial recognition and triggering events, mediated via innate immune receptors, as addressed in this volume, is clearly very useful in helping to also fully understand the mechanisms of activation and control of the adaptive immune system-and to allow a full assessment of the relative roles played by innate immunity and adaptive immunity against a particular infection in higher organisms. 1. Macrophage Pattern Recognition Receptors in Immunity, Homeostasis and Self ToleranceSubhankar Mukhopadhyay, Annette Pluddemann, and Siamon Gordon AbstractIntroductionThe Scavenger Receptor FamilyClass A Scavenger ReceptorsSR-A (SR-AI/II)MARCOSRCL-I/ CLP-IC-Type Lectin ReceptorsC-Type Lectins with a Single CRDC-Type Lectins with Multiple CRDsNK-Like C-Type Lectin-Like ReceptorsSelf Tolerance in Innate ImmunityConclusion 2. Pattern Recognition by Toll-Like ReceptorsStefan Bauer, Thomas Muller, and Svetlana Hamm AbstractIntroductionToll-Like Receptors and Their LigandsBacterial Recognition by TLRsViral Recognition by TLRsRecognition of Fungi and Protozoan Parasites by TLRsCellular Localization of TLRsRecognition of Endogenous Ligands by TLRs and Involvement in AutoimmunityTLR SignalingInterferon Production by TLRsTLR StructureTLR Expression in Cells of the Adaptive Immune SystemConclusion 3. NOD-Like Receptors-Pivotal Guardians of the Immunological Integrity of Barier OrgansPhilip Rosenstiel and Stefan Schreiber AbstractIntroductionNOD-Like Receptors-Phylogenetically Ancient Molecular Platforms of the Innate Immune SystemModular Domain StructureNLRs and the Recent Rise of Barrier DiseasesPlasticity of NLR FunctionConclusions 4. Toll-Like Receptors and NOD-Like Receptors: Domain Architecture and Cellular SignallingTanja Langefeld, Walid Mohamed, Rohit Ghai, and Trinad Chakraborty AbstractIntroductionToll-Like ReceptorsMyd88 Dependent TLR SignallingMyd88 Independent TLR SignallingNod-Like ReceptorsConclusions 5. Humoral Pattern Recognition Molecules: Mannan-Binding Lectin and FicolinsSteffen Thiel and Mihaela Gadjeva AbstractIntroductionBiochemistryBiologyConclusion 6. Lung Surfactant Proteins A and D asPattern Recognition ProteinsPatrick Waters, Mudit Vaid, Uday Kishore, and Taruna Madan AbstractIntroductionCollectin Structure OverviewN-Terminal RegionCollagen RegionNeck RegionCarbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD)SP-A and SP-D Bind Lipid via Their CRDsCalcium Ions Are Required for CRD FunctionFactors Affecting Interaction with PolysaccharidesDirecting the Immune ResponseSpecific Examples of SP-A and SP-D as PRRsFungus and YeastVirusesSP-A and SP-D in Protection against Allergens and PulmonaryHypersensitivityPhenotype and Susceptibility of SP-A and SP-D Gene Deficient MiceConclusion 7. Pattern Recognition by PentraxinsAlok Agrawal, Prem Prakash Singh, Barbara Bottazzi, Cecilia Garlanda, and Alberto Mantovani AbstractPentraxinsShort Pentraxins: CRP and SAPLong Pentraxin: PTX3Conclusions 8. Target Pattern Recognition by Complement Proteins of the Classical and Alternative PathwaysYu-Hoi Kang, Lee Aun Tan, Maria V. Carroll, Madeleine E. Gentle, and Robert B. Sim AbstractThe Complement SystemC1q and C1 StructureBiosynthesis of C1qTarget Recognition by C1qStructural Basis of C1q Binding to TargetsC1q ReceptorsC1q across the Animal KingdomProperdin and the Alternative Pathway 9. Pattern Recognition in Phagocytic Clearance of Altered SelfYoshinobu Nakanishi, Peter M. Henson, and Akiko Shiratsuchi AbstractRoles and Mechanisms of PhagocytosisRecognition of Altered Self by PhagocytesConsequences of Phagocytic Clearance of Apoptotic CellsFate of Necrotic Cells or Cells Dying by Other ModesConcluding Remarks 10. Structural Basis of Pattern Recognition by Innate Immune MoleculesEamon P. McGreal AbstractIntroductionMolecules Containing Leucine Rich Repeats (LRRs)Carbohydrate Recognition by C-Type Lectin and C-Type Lectin-Like MoleculesEme