Table of Contents:-
Contributor and Reviewers ........................................................v
Preface...........................................................................vii
Acknowledgments...................................................................viii
Special Features of the Book......................................................xi
SARS Coronavirus-2................................................................xxi
Glossary..........................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Basics of Pathophysiology.....................................1–10
Cell 1
Cellular Adaptation 4
Repair of Cells 6
Homeostasis 7
Disease, Sickness and Illness 8
Pathophysiology and Disease 9
Importance of Pathophysiology in Nursing 10
Chapter 10 Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disorders ...11–40
Introduction 11
Coronary Artery Disease 12
Angina Pectoris 13
Myocardial Infarction 14
Heart Failure 15
Mitral Valve Prolapse 19
Mitral Regurgitation 20
Mitral Stenosis 20
Aortic Stenosis 21
Aortic Regurgitation 21
Rheumatic Heart Disease 21
Understanding Pathophysiology of Diseases xiv
Pericarditis 23
Pericardial Effusion 24
Myocarditis 25
Endocarditis 25
Cor Pulmonale 27
Pulmonary Edema 27
Cardiogenic Shock 28
Cardiac Tamponade 30
Vascular System Disorders 30
Peripheral Vascular Disorders 32
Raynaud’s Disease 33
Aneurysm 35
Varicose Veins 35
Deep Venous Thrombosis 37
Chronic Venous Insufficiency 39
Chapter 3 Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders ....................41–50
Introduction 41
Anemia 42
Thalassemia 42
Thrombocytopenia 43
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 43
Leukemias 47
Myelomas 49
Lymphomas 49
Chapter 4 Pathophysiology of Respiratory Disorders...........51–77
Introduction 51
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 52
Bronchitis 54
Emphysema 55
Asthma 56
Contents xv
Pleural Effusion 59
Pneumonia 60
Lung Abscess 61
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 62
Respiratory Failure 64
Pulmonary Embolism 67
Chest Injuries 69
Tuberculosis 70
Atelectasis 73
Bronchiectasis 74
Empyema 76
Chapter 5 Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal
Disorders............................................................ 79–109
Introduction 79
Gastritis 81
Typhoid Fever 81
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 82
Intestinal Obstruction 84
Ulcers 86
Malabsorption 89
Appendicitis 89
Hernias 90
Acute Pancreatitis 95
Chronic Pancreatitis 97
Liver Cirrhosis 97
Cholelithiasis 98
Cholecystitis 99
Portal Hypertension 100
Liver Abscess 103
Hepatic Failure 104
Hepatitis 105
Understanding Pathophysiology of Diseases xvi
Hemorrhoids 108
Anal Fissures 109
Anal Fistula 109
Chapter 6 Pathophysiology of Renal System .................... 111–123
Introduction 111
Urinary Tract Infections 111
Cystitis 112
Glomerulonephritis 113
Nephrotic Syndrome 114
Renal Calculi 115
Acute Renal Failure 117
Chronic Renal Failure 119
Urethral Stricture 120
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy 121
Prostatitis 122
Chapter 7 Pathophysiology of Endocrine Disorders ........ 125–142
Introduction 125
Pituitary Disorders 127
Cushing’s Syndrome 128
Addison’s Syndrome 128
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone 130
Hyperthyroidism 131
Hypothyroidism 134
Hyperparathyroidism 135
Hypoparathyroidism 136
Diabetes Mellitus 137
Chapter 8 Pathophysiology of Nervous System Disorders .. 143–169
Introduction 143
Headache 144
Head Injuries 145
Contents xvii
Spinal Injuries—Paraplegia, Hemiplegia 146
Herniation of Intervertebral Disc 147
Cerebral Aneurysm 149
Meningitis 150
Brain Abscess 151
Encephalitis 152
Neurocysticercosis 153
Movement Disorders—Chorea 153
Seizures and Epilepsies 154
Cerebrovascular Disease 156
Hemorrhagic Stroke 158
Bell’s Palsy 159
Trigeminal Neuralgia 159
Peripheral Neuropathies 162
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 162
Alzheimer’s Disease 163
Parkinson’s Disease 165
Guillain-Barré Syndrome 165
Myasthenia Gravis 166
Multiple Sclerosis 167
Chapter 9 Pathophysiology of Musculoskeletal
Disorders.......................................................... 171–188
Introduction 171
Soft-tissue Injuries 172
Fracture 173
Osteomyelitis 175
Osteoarthritis 176
Rheumatoid Arthritis 178
Osteoporosis 182
Osteomalacia 183
Paget’s Disease 185
Understanding Pathophysiology of Diseases xviii
Prolapse of Intervertebral Disc 186
Pott’s Spine/Disease 187
Chapter 10 Pathophysiology of Eye Disorders ................. 189–199
Introduction 189
Vision 189
Refractive Errors 190
Blepharitis 191
Conjunctivitis 191
Corneal Ulcer/Keratitis 193
Cataract 194
Glaucoma 196
Retinal Detachment 198
Chapter 11 Pathophysiology of Ear, Nose and
Throat Disorders.............................................. 201–213
Ear 201
Nose 201
Throat 202
Disorders of External Ear 203
Disorders of Middle Ear 203
Disorders of Internal Ear 206
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 208
Tonsillitis 210
Laryngitis 211
Epistaxis 212
Nasal Obstruction 212
Laryngeal Obstruction 213
Chapter 12 Pathophysiology of Integumentary
System.............................................................. 215–224
Introduction 215
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 216
Acne Vulgaris 217
Psoriasis 218
Contents xix
Malignant Melanoma 219
Burns 220
Burn Edema 222
Chapter 13 Disorders of Female Reproductive
System.............................................................. 225–232
Introduction 225
Menstrual Disorders 226
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 228
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 228
Uterine and Cervical Disorders 229
Vaginal Disorders 231
Mastitis 232
Toxic Shock Syndrome 232
Chapter 14 Disorders of Male Reproductive System........ 233–239
Introduction 233
Congenital Malformation 234
Cryptorchidism 235
Orchitis 235
Epididymitis 236
Phimosis 236
Sexual Dysfunction 237
Gynecomastia 238
Male Menopause 239
Chapter 15 Pathophysiology of Immune
System Disorders............................................. 241–245
Introduction—Immune System 241
Lymphatic System 241
Types of Immunity 242
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome 243
Anaphylaxis 245
Understanding Pathophysiology of Diseases xx
Chapter 16 Pathophysiology of Cancer............................. 247–256
Introduction 247
Cancer of the Eye 249
Oral Cancer 249
Laryngeal Cancer 249
Breast Cancer 250
Lung Cancer 250
Gastric Cancer 251
Colorectal Cancer 251
Bladder Cancer 251
Liver Cancer 252
Prostate Cancer 253
Cervical Cancer 254
Ovarian Cancer 254
Brain Tumor 255
Chapter 17 Pathophysiology of Genetic Disorders.......... 257–265
Introduction 257
Single-gene Disorders 257
Chromosomal Disorders 263
Complex Disorders 265