Description
SPRINGER Wearable Antennas And Body Centric Communication Present And Future (Hb 2021) by KOUL S.K.
This book presents state-of-the-art technologies, trends and applications with a focus on the healthcare domain for ultra-wideband (3.1-10.6 GHz) and 60 GHz (57-66 GHz) wireless communication systems. Due to various key features such as miniaturized antenna design, low power, high data rate, less effects on the human body, relatively less crowded spectrum, these technologies are becoming popular in various fields of biomedical applications and day-to-day life. The book highlights various aspects of these technologies related to body-centric communication, including antenna design requirements, channel modeling and characterization for WBANs, current fabrication and antenna design strategies for textile, flexible and implanted antennas. Apart from the general requirements and study related to these frequency bands, various application specific topics such as localization and tracking, physical activity recognition and assessment, vital sign monitoring and medical imaging are covered in detail. The book concludes with the glimpses of future aspects of the UWB and 60 GHz technology which includes IoT for healthcare and smart living, novel antenna materials and application of machine learning algorithms for overall performance enhancement. 1. Introduction 1.1 Wireless Body Centric Communication1.2 The Wireless Body Area Network 1.3 History of Wireless Personal Area and Local Area Networks1.4 State of the Art Technologies1.4.1 ISM Band 2.4 GHz1.4.2 UWB 3-10 GHz1.4.3 0.3-10 THz1.5 Applications1.6 Scope of the Book References2. On-Body Radio Wave Propagation2.1 Introduction2.2 Wearable Antenna Requirements2.2.1 Design Strategy and Fabrication Methodologies2.2.2 Simulation Based Approach- Performance Analysis2.2.3 Anechoic Environment Measurements2.2.4 Indoor Environment Measurements 2.3 Wearable Antenna Radiation Pattern Variation2.3.1 Influence of Antenna Location on the Body2.3.2 Effect of Different Postures and Limb Movements2.4 Channel Modeling2.5 Statistical On-Body Measurement Results2.5.1 UWB 3-10 GHz2.5.2 mmWave 60 GHz2.6 Dynamic On-Body Communication Channels2.7 Applications2.6 ConclusionReferences3. Indoor OFF-Body and Body-to-Body Communication-UWB and mmWave Technologies 3.1 Introduction3.2 The Indoor Propagation Environment 3.3 Indoor Environment Influence on Body-Centric Channels3.3.1 Anechoic Chamber3.3.2 Indoor Environment3.4 Wearable Communication Channel Links3.4.1 Potential Placement of Wearable Links3.4.2 mmWave- 60GHz 3.5 Channel Characterization And Modeling 3.5.1 UWB 3-10 GHz3.5.1.1 Large Scale Fading3.5.1.2 Small Scale Fading3.5.2 mmWave-60GHz3.5.2.1 Large Scale Fading3.5.2.2 Small Scale Fading3.6 Conclusion References4. Flexible Wearable Technologies-Design and Fabrication4.1 Introduction4.2 Flexible Materials for Wearable Antennas4.2.1 Textile Antennas4.2.2 Paper and Kapton Based Antennas4.2.3 Novel materials for Textile Antennas4.3 Fabrication Techniques and Procedures4.4 Antenna Design Strategies and Performance Evaluation4.4.1 Antenna Design Requirements4.4.2 Simulation Based Study and Analysis4.4.3 Flexible Antenna Performance-Experimental Approach4.5 Characterization and Body-Centric Measurements 4.5.1 Performance on Human Body4.5.2 Deformation Effects4.5.3 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)4.6 Current and Future Applications4.7 ConclusionReferences5. Implantable Antennas for WBAN's5.1 Introduction5.2 Numerical Modelling5.2.1 Numerical Tissue Phantom5.2.1.1 Modelling of the Human Body5.2.1.2 EM Wave Propagation Aspects5.2.2 Simulation Scenarios5.2.3 Frequency Bands5.2.3.1 3-10 GHz UWB5.2.3.2 mmWave 60GHz5.3 Antenna Structures and Performance5.3.1 Design Aspects5.3.2 Fabrication Procedures5.3.3 Performance Analysis5.4 Channel Modelling and Communication Link Analysis 5.4.1 In Vitro Measurements5.4.2 In Vivo Measurements5.5 Biocompatibility Issues and Safety Considerations5.6 ConclusionReferences6. Indoor Localization and Tracking 6.1 Introduction6.2 Algorithms and Techniques6.2.1 Experimental Set-up6.2.2 Channel Parameter Based Localization Algorithm6.3 Human Body Localization6.3.1 TDOA/TOA Data Fusion Algorithm6.3.2 RSS-Based Location Estimation Approach6.3.2 Angle of Arrival and DOA Techniques6.4 Base Station Configurations6.4.1 GDOP Analysis6.4.2 Influence of Base Station Configuration and Localization Accuracy6.5 Channel Classification and Analysis-Experimental Investigations6.5.1 Path Loss Analysis6.5.2 RMS Delay Spread6.5.3 Multipath Components Estimation6.6 Localization Accuracy Analysis6.7 Comparison with Optical Based Motion Capture System6.8 Human Subject Detection in Indoor Environments6.9 ConclusionReferences 7. Monitoring and Assessment of Physical Activities7.1 Introduction7.2 Importance of Activity Monitoring in Healthcare Domain7.3 Current Trends and Technologies7.3.1 ISM Band 2.4 GHz7.3.2 UWB and mmWave Bands7.3.3 Sensor Based Activity Monitoring7.4 Methodology7.4.1 Measurement Set up7.4.2 Algorithm for Activity Assessment 7.5 Activity Recognition and Monitoring7.5.1 Upper Limb Activities7.5.2 Lower Limb Activities7.6 Activity Monitoring Accuracy7.6.1 Accuracy in Monitoring Process7.6.2 Influence of Channel Link Type on Estimated Accuracy7.6.3 Precision and Complexity Analysis7.7 Daily Activity Monitoring7.8 Conclusion References 8. Wearable Antennas for Vital Sign Monitoring 8.1 Introduction8.2 Non-invasive Methods for Vital Sign Monitoring8.2.1 Antenna Types and Design Strategies8.2.2 Non-contact UWB and mmWave Systems 8.2.3 Techniques and System Requirements8.2.3.1 IR-UWB Radar8.2.3.2 mmWave System8.3 Breath Activity Monitoring 8.4 Heart Beat Monitoring 8.5 Accuracy and Performance Evaluation of Vital Sign Monitoring8.6 Conclusion References 9. UWB and mmWave Technologies for Medical Imaging Applications9.1 Introduction 9.2 Imaging Principal and Techniques9.2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging9.2.2 Through-Wall Radar Imaging 9.3 Antenna Design Considerations9.4 Methods of Phantom Preparation9.5 Medical Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection9.6 Image Processing and Reconstruction Algorithms9.7 Conclusion References 10. Future Aspects10.1 IOT for Smart Living and Healthcare10.1.1 Smart Solutions for Remote Monitoring10.1.2 Telehealth and Telesurgery10.1.3 Emergency Notification System 10.2 Advance Materials for Wearable Antenna Design10.2.1 Graphene and Nano-particle Based Antennas10.2.2 3D Printing Based Antennas10.2.3 Novel Electro-Textile and Materials10.2.4 Meta-materials and Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structures10.2.5 Implantable and Epidermal Antennas10.3 Machine Learning for Improved Well-Being 10.3.1 Classification Algorithms10.3.2 Diagnostics and Prevention10.3.3 Assessment and Prediction10.3.4 Accuracy Enhancement10.3.5 Applications10.4 Miniaturization and Performance Enhancement of Wearable Antenna ReferencesIndex