Description
Wiley Wiley'S Solomons, Fryhle, Synder Organic Chemistry For Neet And Other Medical Entrance Examinations, 2019 by M S Chouhan
Organic Chemistry for NEET and other Medical Entrance Examinations is an adaptation of the classic book Solomons' Organic Chemistry, which is widely used by the students all over the world. This adapted version provides more concise content that is structured as per the syllabus requirement. It is a definitive text offering for students preparing for NEET-UG, which replaced the All India Pre Medical test (AIPMT) for admission to MBBS and dental courses across the country. The book derives advantage from the time-tested content of the original book and offers assessment as per the entrance examination requirement.
About the Author
Mahendra Singh Chouhan is a renowned name in the realm of Organic Chemistry. Though a Chemical engineer from Mumbai University, he has great passion for the subject that led him to impart guidance to medical and engineering aspirants on a regular basis. Hisin-depth knowledge and vast teaching experience has helped innumerable students to achieve their dream of excelling in those areas.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Original Edition
Preface to the Adapted Version
About the Authors
About the Adapting Author
1 Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Part I: Bonding and Molecular Structure
1.1 Life and the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
1.2 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule
1.3 Isomers: Different Compounds that Have the Same Molecular Formula
1.4 How to Write and Interpret Structural Formulas
1.5 Resonance Theory
1.6 The Structure of Methane and Ethane: sp3 Hybridization
1.7 The Structure of Ethene (Ethylene): sp2 Hybridization
1.8 The Structure of Ethyne (Acetylene): sp Hybridization
1.9 How to Predict Molecular Geometry: The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model
Part II: Families of Carbon Compounds
1.10 Classification of Organic Compounds
1.11 Hydrocarbons: Representative Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds
1.12 Functional Groups
1.13 Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes
1.14 Alcohols and Phenols
1.15 Ethers
1.16 Amines
1.17 Aldehydes and Ketones
1.18 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
1.19 Nitriles
1.20 Summary of Important Families of Organic Compounds
1.21 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
1.22 Polar Covalent Bonds
1.23 Physical Properties and Molecular Structure
Part III: An Introduction to Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms
1.24 Acid–Base Reactions
1.25 How to Use Curved Arrows in Illustrating Reactions
1.26 Heterolysis of Bonds to Carbon: Carbocations and Carbanions
1.27 Homolytic Fission of Bonds
1.28 Electron Displacement Effects in Organic Compounds
1.29 The Strength of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases: Ka and pKa
1.30 Relationships between Structure and Acidity
1.31 A The Effect of Delocalization
1.32 The Effect of the Solvent on Acidity
1.33 A Mechanism for an Organic Reaction
2 Isomerism
2.1 Types of Isomerism
2.2 Geometrical Isomerism
2.3 Chirality and Stereochemistry
2.4 Enantiomers and Chiral Molecules
2.5 Molecules having One Chirality Center are Chiral
2.6 How to Test for Chirality: Planes of Symmetry
2.7 Naming Enantiomers: The R,S-System
2.8 Properties of Enantiomers: Optical Activity
2.9 The Synthesis of Chiral Molecules
2.10 Molecules with More than One Chirality Center
2.11 Fischer Projection Formulas
2.12 Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds
2.13 Relating Configurations through Reactions in Which No Bonds to the Chirality Center are Broken
2.14 Chiral Molecules that do not Possess a Chirality
2.15 Conformational Isomerism
3 Purification and Characterization of Organic
3.1 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
3.2 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
3.3 Quantitative Analysis
3.4 Determination of Empirical Formula of the
4 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
4.1 Introduction to Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
4.2 Shapes of Alkanes
4.3 How to Name Alkanes and Alkyl Groups: The IUPAC System
4.4 How to Name Cycloalkanes
4.5 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
4.6 Isomerism
4.7 Synthesis of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
4.8 How to Gain Structural Information from Molecular Formulas and the Index of Hydrogen Deficiency
4.9 Chemical Reactions of Alkanes
4.10 Conformations
4.11 The Relative Stabilities of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain
4.12 Conformations of Cyclohexane: The Chair and the Boat
4.13 Disubstituted Cycloalkanes: Cis–Trans Isomerism
5 Alkenes and Alkynes
Part I: Alkenes
5.1 Structure of the Double Bond
5.2 Isomerism
5.3 How to Name Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
5.4 The (E )–(Z ) System for Designating Alkene Diastereomers
5.5 Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
5.6 Cycloalkenes
5.7 Synthesis of Alkenes by Hydrogenation of Alkynes
5.8 Synthesis of Alkenes via Elimination Reactions
5.9 Carbocation Stability and the Occurrence of Molecular Rearrangements
5.10 Hydrogenation of Alkenes
5.11 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
5.12 Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn 1,2-Dihydroxylation
Part II: Alkynes
5.13 Structure of the Triple Bond
5.14 Isomerism
5.15 How to Name Alkynes
5.16 The Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
5.17 Methods of Preparation
5.18 Chemical Reactivity
Part III: Conjugated Unsaturated Systems
5.19 The Stability of the Allyl Radical
5.20 The Allyl Cation
5.21 Alkadienes and Polyunsaturated Hydrocarbons
5.22 1,3-Butadiene: Electron Delocalization
5.23 The Stability of Conjugated Dienes
5.24 Allylic Substitution and Allylic Radicals
5.25 Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes: 1,4-Addition
5.26 The Diels–Alder Reaction: A 1,4-Cycloaddition Reaction of Dienes
6 Aromatic Compounds and their Reactions
6.1 The Discovery of Benzene
6.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
6.3 Structure of Benzene
6.4 The Thermodynamic Stability of Benzene
6.5 Modern Theories of the Structure of Benzene
6.6 Hückel’s Rule: The 4n + 2π Electron Rule
6.7 Other Aromatic Compounds
6.8 Preparation of Arenes
6.9 Physical Properties of Arenes
6.10 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
6.11 A General Mechanism for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
6.12 Halogenation of Benzene
6.13 Nitration of Benzene
6.14 Sulfonation of Benzene
6.15 Friedel–Crafts Reactions
6.16 Substituents Can Affect Both the Reactivity of the Ring and the Orientation of the Incoming Group
6.17 How Substituents Affect Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: A Closer Look
6.18 Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes
6.19 Oxidation Reactions
6.20 Addition Reactions
6.21 Reduction of Aromatic Compounds
7 Alkyl and Aryl Halides
Part I: Alkyl Halides (Haloalkanes)
7.2 Nomenclature
7.3 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
7.4 Preparation of Alkyl Halides
7.5 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides
7.6 Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
7.7 Overall Summary–Substitution and Elimination Reactions
7.8 Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Metals
7.9 Reduction of Alkyl Halides to Hydrocarbons
7.10 Polyhalogen Compounds
Part II: Aryl Halides (Haloarenes)
7.11 Nomenclature
7.12 Preparation of Aryl Halides
7.13 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aryl Halides
7.14 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction
7.15 Reaction with Metals
8 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
8.1 Structure and Classification
8.2 Structures of Functional Groups
8.3 Nomenclature
8.4 Physical Properties
8.5 Synthesis of Alcohols
8.6 Synthesis of Phenols
8.7 Synthesis of Ethers
8.8 Reactions of Alcohols
8.9 Reactions of Phenols as Acids
8.10 Reactions of Ethers
8.11 Distinction Between 1°, 2°, 3° Alcohols
8.12 Some Commercially Important Alcohols and Ethers
9 Aldehydes and Ketones
9.1 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
9.2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
9.3 Physical Properties
9.4 Synthesis of Aldehydes
9.5 Synthesis of Ketones
9.6 Miscellaneous Methods for Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
9.7 Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond
9.8 The Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
9.9 The Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide: Cyanohydrins
9.10 The Addition of Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite
9.11 Addition of Grignard Reagents
9.12 The Addition of Primary and Secondary Amines
9.13 The Addition of Ylides: The Wittig Reaction
9.14 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
9.15 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
9.16 The Acidity of the α Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions
9.17 Keto and Enol Tautomers
9.18 Reactions via Enols and Enolates
9.19 Lithium Enolates
9.20 Aldol Reactions: Addition of Enolates and Enols to Aldehydes and Ketones
9.21 Crossed Aldol Condensations
9.22 Cyclizations via Aldol Condensations
9.23 Other Important Reactions
9.24 Summary of Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions
10 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
10.1 Structure of the Carboxyl Group
10.2 Nomenclature and Physical Properties
10.3 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
10.4 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
10.5 Acyl Substitution: Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
10.6 Acyl Chlorides
10.7 Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides
10.8 Esters
10.9 Amides
10.10 Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids
10.11 Summary of the Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
11 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Part I: Amines
11.1 Nomenclature of Amines
11.2 Physical Properties and Structure of Amines
11.3 Preparation of Amines
11.4 Basicity of Amines: Amine Salts
11.5 Reactions of Amines
11.6 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
11.7 Reactions of Amines with Sulfonyl Chlorides: Test for Amines
11.8 Eliminations Involving Ammonium Compounds
Part II: Arenediazonium Salts
11.9 Preparation of Arenediazonium Salts
11.10 Replacement Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
11.11 Coupling Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
Part III: Cyanides and Isocyanides
11.12 Preparation and Properties of Cyanides and Isocyanides
11.13 Summary of Reactions of Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
12 Biomolecules
Part I: Carbohydrates
12.1 Classification of Carbohydrates
12.2 Monosaccharides
12.4 Polysaccharides
12.5 Other Biologically Important Sugars
12.6 Sugars that Contain Nitrogen
Part II: Amino Acids and Proteins
12.7 Amino Acids
12.8 Polypeptides and Proteins
12.9 Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structures of Proteins
12.10 Denaturation of Proteins
12.11 Introduction to Enzymes
12.12 Hormones
12.13 Vitamins
Part III: Nucleic Acids
12.14 Nucleotides and Nucleosides
12.15 Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA
12.16 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Part IV: Lipids
12.17 Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
12.18 Terpenes and Terpenoids
12.19 Phospholipids and Cell Membranes
12.20 Waxes
13 Polymers
13.1 Some Terms Related to Polymers
13.2 Classification of Polymers
13.3 Addition Polymerization or Chain-Growth Polymerization
13.4 Preparation of Some Important Addition Polymers
13.5 Condensation Polymerization or Step-Growth Polymerization
13.6 Natural Rubber
13.7 Synthetic Rubbers
13.8 Molecular Mass of Polymers
13.9 Biodegradable Polymers
13.10 Polymers of Commercial Importance
14 Chemistry in Everyday Life
14.2 Drug–Target Interaction
14.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
14.4 Chemicals in Food
14.5 Cleansing Agents
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
NEET 2018 chemistry paper
Index