Description
Springer A Systems Description of Flow Through Porous Media by Jan Dirk Jansen
This text forms part of material taught during a course in advanced reservoir simulation at Delft University of Technology over the past 10 years. The contents have also been presented at various short courses for industrial and academic researchers interested in background knowledge needed to perform research in the area of closed-loop reservoir management, also known as smart fields, related to e.g. model-based production optimization, data assimilation (or history matching), model reduction, or upscaling techniques. Each of these topics has connections to system-theoretical concepts._x000D_The introductory part of the course, i.e. the systems description of flow through porous media, forms the topic of this brief monograph. The main objective is to present the classic reservoir simulation equations in a notation that facilitates the use of concepts from the systems-and-control literature. Although the theory is limited to the relatively simple situation of horizontal two-phase (oil-water) flow, it covers several typical aspects of porous-media flow._x000D_The first chapter gives a brief review of the basic equations to represent single-phase and two-phase flow. It discusses the governing partial-differential equations, their physical interpretation, spatial discretization with finite differences, and the treatment of wells. It contains well-known theory and is primarily meant to form a basis for the next chapter where the equations will be reformulated in terms of systems-and-control notation._x000D_The second chapter develops representations in state-space notation of the porous-media flow equations. The systematic use of matrix partitioning to describe the different types of inputs leads to a description in terms of nonlinear ordinary-differential and algebraic equations with (state-dependent) system, input, output and direct-throughput matrices. Other topics include generalized state-space representations, linearization, elimination of prescribed pressures, the tracing of stream lines, lift tables, computational aspects, and the derivation of an energy balance for porous-media flow._x000D_The third chapter first treats the analytical solution of linear systems of ordinary differential equations for single-phase flow. Next it moves on to the numerical solution of the two-phase flow equations, covering various aspects like implicit, explicit or mixed (IMPES) time discretizations and associated stability issues, Newton-Raphson iteration, streamline simulation, automatic time-stepping, and other computational aspects. The chapter concludes with simple numerical examples to illustrate these and other aspects such as mobility effects, well-constraint switching, time-stepping statistics, and system-energy accounting._x000D_The contents of this brief should be of value to students and researchers interested in the application of systems-and-control concepts to oil and gas reservoir simulation and other applications of subsurface flow simulation such as CO2 storage, geothermal energy, or groundwater remediation._x000D_ Table of contents :- _x000D_
PREFACE_x000D_
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1. POROUS-MEDIA FLOW_x000D_
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1.1 Introduction_x000D_
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1.2 Notation_x000D_
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1.3 Single-phase flow_x000D_
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1.3.1 Governing equations_x000D_
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1.3.2 Finite-difference discretization_x000D_
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1.3.3 Example 1 - Single-phase flow in a simple reservoir_x000D_
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1.3.4 Incompressible flow_x000D_
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1.3.5 Mass-conservative formulation_x000D_
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1.3.6 Well models_x000D_
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1.4 Two-phase flow _x000D_
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1.4.1 Governing equations_x000D_
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1.4.2 Nature of the equations_x000D_
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1.4.3 Relative permeabilities_x000D_
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1.4.4 Example 2 - Two-phase flow in a simple reservoir_x000D_
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1.4.5 Buckley-Leverett equation_x000D_
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1.4.6 Linear approximation_x000D_
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1.4.7 Formation volume factors_x000D_
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1.4.8 Finite-difference discretization_x000D_
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1.4.9 Example 3 - Inverted five-spot_x000D_
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1.4.10 Sources of nonlinearity_x000D_
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1.4.11 Incompressible flow_x000D_
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1.4.12 Fluid velocities_x000D_
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2. SYSTEM MODELS_x000D_
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2.1 System equations_x000D_
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2.1.1 Partial-differential equations_x000D_
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2.1.2 Ordinary-differential equations_x000D_
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2.1.3 State-space representation_x000D_
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2.1.4 Linearized equations_x000D_
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2.2 Single-phase flow_x000D_
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2.2.1 System equations_x000D_
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2.2.2 Example 1 continued - Location matrix _x000D_
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2.2.3 Prescribed pressures and flow rates_x000D_
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2.2.4 Well models_x000D_
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2.2.5 Example 1 continued - Well model_x000D_
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2.2.6 Elimination of prescribed pressures_x000D_
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2.2.7 System energy_x000D_
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2.3 Two-phase flow_x000D_
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2.3.1 System equations_x000D_
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2.3.2 Well operating constraints_x000D_
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2.3.3 Computational aspects_x000D_
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2.3.4 Lift tables_x000D_
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2.3.5 Control valves_x000D_
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2.3.6 Streamlines_x000D_
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2.3.7 System energy_x000D_
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3 SYSTEM RESPONSE_x000D_
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3.1 Free response_x000D_
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3.1.1 Homogeneous equation _x000D_
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3.1.2 Diagonalization_x000D_
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3.1.3 Stability_x000D_
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3.1.4 Singular system matrix_x000D_
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3.1.5 Example 1 continued - Free response_x000D_
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3.2 Forced response_x000D_
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3.2.1 Nonhomogeneous equation_x000D_
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3.2.2 Diagonalization and modal analysis_x000D_
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3.2.3 Singular system matrix_x000D_
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3.3 Numerical simulation_x000D_
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3.3.1 Explicit Euler discretization_x000D_
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3.3.2 Implicit Euler discretization_x000D_
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3.3.3 Picard and Newton-Raphson iteration_x000D_
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3.3.4 Numerical stability_x000D_
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3.3.5 IMPES_x000D_
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3.3.6 Computational aspects_x000D_
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3.3.7 Control aspects_x000D_
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3.3.8 Stream line simulation_x000D_
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3.4 Examples_x000D_
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3.4.1 Example 1 continued - Stability_x000D_
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3.4.2 Example 2 continued - Mobility effects_x000D_
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3.4.3 Example 3 continued - Well constraints_x000D_
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3.4.4 Example 3 continued - Time-stepping statistics_x000D_
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3.4.5 Example 3 continued - System energy_x000D_
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NOMENCLATURE_x000D_
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INDEX_x000D_