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Springer Advances in Perinatal Medicine Volume 4 1st Editon 2012 Softbound by Aubrey Milunsky
The state of health care is reflected by perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as by the frequencies of long-term neurologic and developmental disorders. Many factors, some'without immediately recognizable significance to childbearing and many still unknown, undoubtedly contribute beneficially or adversely to the outcome of pregnancy. Knowledge concerning the impact of such factors on the fetus and surviving infant is critical. Confounding analyses of pregnancy outcome, especially these past two or three decades, are the effects of newly undertaken invasive or inactive therapeutic approaches coupled with the advent of high technology. Many innovations have been intro duced without serious efforts to evaluate their impact prospectively and objectively. The consequences of therapeutic misadventures character ized the past; it seems they have been replaced to a degree by some of the complications of applied technology. Examples abound: after ov eruse of oxygen was recognized to cause retrolental fibroplasia, its restriction led to an increase in both neonatal death rates and neurologic damage in surviving infants. Administration of vitamin K to prevent neonatal hemorrhagic disease, particularly when given in what we now know as excessive dosage, occasionally resulted in kernicterus. Prophy lactic sulfonamide use had a similar end result. More recent is the observation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a complication of re spirator therapy for hyaline membrane disease. The decade of the eighties opened with the all-time highest rate of cesarean section in the United States. 1 Nutrition and Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nutritional Needs of the Human Fetus.- 3. Maternal Protein—Calorie Intake and Fetal Growth.- 4. Fetal Consequences of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Fetal Cardiac Dysrhythmias: Detection and Management.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology.- 3. Detection.- 4. Specific Dysrhythmias.- 5. Fetal Antiarrhythmic Pharmacology.- References.- 3 Factors Predisposing to Birth-Associated Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenetic Factors.- 3. Antenatal Injuries.- 4. Birth-Associated Injuries: Fetal Surveillance in Labor.- 5. Breech Presentation-Associated Injuries.- 6. Birth Injuries Associated with Methods Used in Delivery of Cephalic Presentation.- 7. Vacuum Extraction.- 8. Birth-Associated Injuries with Multiple Factors of Causation: Soft Tissue Injuries.- 9. Injuries to the Eye.- 10. Bony Injuries.- 11. Visceral Injuries of the Abdomen.- 12. Other Visceral Injuries: Pseudodiverticulum of the Pharynx.- 13. Neurologic Injuries.- 14. Summary.- References.- 4 Medical Applications of Infant Cry Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions.- 3. Strategies for Cry Analysis.- 4. Cry Analysis Techniques.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Retrolental Fibroplasia: Old Problems, New Challenges.- 1. Definition.- 2. Introduction.- 3. A Model of Normal Vasculogenesis.- 4. A Model of Abnormal Vasculogenesis: Vascular Injury and Response.- 5. The Need for a New Classification of the Disease.- 6. Current Problems.- 7. Summary.- References.- 6 Assessing Risk Assessment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Risk Assessment.- 3. Performance of Various Systems.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Neonatal Electroencephalography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Technical Considerations.- 4. Patterns Observed in Normal Term and Preterm Infants.- 5. Abnormal Electroencephalograms.- 6. Abnormal Patterns in Preterm Infants.- 7. Seizures.- 8. Hemorrhages.- 9. Focal EEG Abnormalities.- 10. Herpes Encephalitis.- 11. Metabolic Derangements.- 12. Congenital Malformations.- 13. The Prognostic Value of the EEG.- 14. Conclusion.- 15. Glossary.- References.- 8 Atopic Sensitization of the Fetus and Newborn in Relation to the Development of the Human Immune System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maturation of Antigen Responsiveness.- 3. Genetics of Atopic Allergy.- 4. Prediction of Atopic Disease from Early IgE Measurements.- 5. Other Risk Factors for Atopic Allergy.- 6. Prophylaxis of Atopic Allergy.- 7. Conclusions and Prospects for the Future.- References.