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Kluwer Antibacterial Drugs Today by A.P. Ball, J.A. Gray, J.mcc. Murdoch
Since the first edition there has been a great demand for this book. It has been revised to include up-to-date and new entries covering recent additions to the availa ble drugs. As well there are now sections on clinical situations, or types of patient, presenting especial problems. The authors hope this new material will enhance the effectiveness of the book as a guide to this rapidly advancing and changing therapeutic situation. A.P.B. J.A.G. J.McC.M. July, 1978 v Contents I. Antibacterial Drugs 1.1 Mechanisms of Action I .2 Side Effects and Toxicity 2 2. The Sulphonamides .............................. . 2 2.1 Antibacterial Activity .... 2 2.2 Mode of Antibacterial Action 2.3 Pharmacology 3 2.4 Therapeutic Indications ... 4 2.5 Dosage ....................... . 4 2.5.1 Short Acting Sulphonamides ..................... . 4 2.5.2 Long Acting Sulphonamides 5 2.5.3 Non-absorbable Sulphonamides 5 2.6 Side Effects and Toxicity 5 2.6.1 Nephrotoxicity ............................... . 5 2.6.2 Haematological Abnormalities 5 2.6.3 Pulmonary Disease .. . 5 2.6.4 Hypersensitivity .................................................. . 6 2.7 Drug Interactions ... 6 3. The Natural Penicillins - Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) and Phenoxymetbylpe- cillin (Penicillin V) .......................... . ..................... ._x000D_ Table of contents :- _x000D_
1. Antibacterial Drugs.- 1.1 Mechanisms of Action.- 1.2 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 2. The Sulphonamides.- 2.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 2.2 Mode of Antibacterial Action.- 2.3 Pharmacology.- 2.4 Therapeutic Indications.- 2.5 Dosage.- 2.5.1 Short Acting Sulphonamides.- 2.5.2 Long Acting Sulphonamides.- 2.5.3 Non-absorbable Sulphonamides.- 2.6 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 2.6.1 Nephrotoxicity.- 2.6.2 Haematological Abnormalities.- 2.6.3 Pulmonary Disease.- 2.6.4 Hypersensitivity.- 2.7 Drug Interactions.- 3. The Natural Penicillins - Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) and Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V).- 3.1 Physicochemical Properties.- 3.2 Mode of Antibacterial Action.- 3.3 Antibacterial Activity.- 3.3.1 Activity Against Streptococci.- 3.3.2 Activity Against Staphylococci.- 3.3.3 Activity Against Other Organisms.- 3.4 Pharmacology.- 3.4.1 Penicillin G.- 3.4.2 Benzathine and Procaine Salts of Penicillin G.- 3.4.3 Penicillin V.- 3.5 Therapeutic Indications.- 3.5.1 Streptococcal Infections.- 3.5.2 Meningococcal Infections.- 3.5.3 Gonorrhoea.- 3.5.4 Other Infections.- 3.6 Dosage.- 3.6.1 Penicillin G.- 3.6.2 Procaine and Benzathine Penicillin.- 3.6.3 Penicillin V.- 3.7 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 3.7.1 Neurotoxicity.- 3.7.2 Nephritis.- 3.7.3 Haemolysis.- 3.7.4 Hypersensitivity.- 3.7.5 Side Effects of Penicillin V.- 4. The Semi-synthetic Penicillins.- 4.1 Phenoxypenicillins.- 4.2 Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins.- 4.2.1 Methicillin.- 4.2.2 Isoxazolyl Penicillins.- 4.3 Other Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins.- 4.4 Broad Spectrum Penicillins.- 4.4.1 Ampicillin.- 4.4.2 Amoxycillin.- 4.4.3 Epicillin.- 4.4.4 Hetacillin, Pivampicillin and Talampicillin.- 4.4.5 Carbenicillin.- 4.4.6 Carindacillin (Indanyl Carbenicillin).- 5. Mecillinam and Pivmecillinam.- 5.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 5.2 Mode of Action.- 5.3 Pharmacology.- 5.4 Indications.- 5.5. Dosage.- 5.6 Side Effects.- 6. Co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole).- 6.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 6.1.1 Gram-positive Bacteria.- 6.1.2 Gram-negative Bacteria.- 6.1.3 Miscellaneous.- 6.2 Mode of Action.- 6.3 Pharmacology.- 6.4 Indications.- 6.4.1 Urinary Tract Infections.- 6.4.2 Bacteraemic Syndromes.- 6.4.3 Gonorrhoea.- 6.4.4 Chest Infections.- 6.4.5 Enteric Fever.- 6.4.6 Brucellosis.- 6.4.7 Miscellaneous.- 6.5 Dosage.- 6.6 Contraindications.- 6.7 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 6.7.1 Haematological Abnormalities.- 6.7.2 Hypersensitivity.- 6.7.3 Nephrotoxicity.- 6.8 Drug Interactions.- 7. Chloramphenicol.- 7.1 Therapeutic Indications.- 7.1.1 Enteric Fever.- 7.1.2 Other Indications.- 8. The Tetracyclines.- 8.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 8.1.1 Spectrum of Activity.- 8.1.2 Development of Resistance.- 8.2 Pharmacology.- 8.3 Therapeutic Indications.- 8.4 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 8.4.1 Tooth Discoloration.- 8.4.2 Renal Toxicity.- 8.4.3 Liver Toxicity.- 9. The Macrolides.- 9.1 Erythromycin.- 9.1.1 Physicochemical Properties.- 9.1.2 Antibacterial Activity.- 9.1.3 Pharmacology.- 9.1.4 Therapeutic Indications.- 9.1.5 Dosage.- 9.1.6 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 9.2 Spiramycin and Triacetyloleandomycin.- 10. Lincomycin and Clindamycin.- 10.1 Mode of Action.- 10.2 Antibacterial Activity.- 10.3 Pharmacology.- 10.4 Therapeutic Indications.- 10.5 Dosage.- 10.6 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 11. Fusidic Acid (Sodium Fusidate).- 11.1 Mode of Action.- 11.2 Antibacterial Activity.- 11.3 Pharmacology.- 11.4 Therapeutic Indications.- 11.5 Dosage.- 11.6 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 12. The Urinary Antiseptics.- 12.1 Nitrofurantoin.- 12.1.1 Physicochemical Properties.- 12.1.2 Antibacterial Activity.- 12.1.3 Pharmacology.- 12.1.4 Therapeutic Indications.- 12.1.5 Dosage.- 12.1.6 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 12.2 Nalidixic Acid.- 12.2.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 12.2.2 Pharmacology.- 12.2.3 Therapeutic Indications and Dosage.- 12.2.4 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 12.3 Oxolinic Acid.- 13. Cephalosporins.- 13.1 Cephaloridine.- 13.1.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 13.1.2 Pharmacology.- 13.1.3 Indications.- 13.1.4 Dosage.- 13.1.5 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 13.2 Cephalothin.- 13.2.1 Dosage.- 13.3 Cephalexin.- 13.4 Cephradine.- 13.5 The Cephamycins.- 13.5.1 Cefoxitin.- 13.6 Newer Cephalosporin Derivatives.- 14. Peptide Antibiotics (Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E).- 14.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 14.2 Pharmacology.- 14.3 Therapeutic Indications and Dosage.- 14.3.1 Topical Therapy.- 14.3.2 Parenteral Therapy.- 14.3.3 Intrathecal Therapy.- 14.3.4 Oral Therapy.- 14.4 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 14.4.1 Neurotoxicity.- 14.4.2 Nephrotoxicity.- 15. The Aminoglycosides.- 15.1 Streptomycin.- 15.1.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 15.1.2 Pharmacology.- 15.1.3 Indications.- 15.1.4 Dosage.- 15.1.5 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 15.2 Kanamycin.- 15.2.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 15.2.2 Pharmacology.- 15.2.3 Indications.- 15.2.4 Dosage.- 15.2.5 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 15.3 Gentamicin.- 15.3.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 15.3.2 Pharmacology.- 15.3.3 Indications.- 15.3.4 Dosage.- 15.3.5 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 15.4 Tobramycin.- 15.4.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 15.4.2 Pharmacology.- 15.4.3 Indications.- 15.4.4 Dosage.- 15.4.5 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 15.5 Neomycin, Framycetin and Paromomycin.- 15.5.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 15.5.2 Pharmacology.- 15.5.3 Indications.- 15.5.4 Side Effects and Toxicity.- 15.6 Newer Aminoglycosides.- 15.6.1 Sissomicin.- 15.6.2 Amikacin.- 15.6.3 Netilmicin.- 16. Metronidazole.- 16.1 Antibacterial Activity.- 16.2 Mode of Action.- 16.3 Pharmacology.- 16.4 Therapeutic Indications $.- 16.4.1 Intra-abdominal Sepsis and Wound Infections.- 16.4.2 Gynaecological Surgery.- 16.4.3 General Anaerobic Sepsis.- 16.4.4 Protozoal Infection.- 16.5 Dosage.- 16.6 Toxicity and Interactions.- 17. Antituberculosis Drugs.- 17.1 Isoniazid.- 17.1.1 Toxicity.- 17.2 Rifampicin.- 17.3 Ethambutol.- 17.4 Streptomycin.- 17.4.1 Pharmacology.- 17.4.2 Dosage.- 17.4.3 Toxicity.- 17.5 Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS).- 17.5.1 Toxicity.- 17.6 Capreomycin.- 17.7 Other Drugs.- 18. Chemotherapy of Gram-negative Bacillary Infections.- 18.1 General Considerations.- 18.2 Organisms.- 18.3 Choice of Antibacterial Agents.- 18.4 Routes of Administration and Duration of Therapy.- 18.5 Precautions.- 18.6 Specific Infections.- 18.6.1 Urinary Tract Infections.- 18.6.2 Gastrointestinal Infections.- 18.6.3 Biliary Tract Infections.- 18.6.4 Respiratory Tract Infections.- 18.6.5 Endocarditis.- 18.6.6 Meningitis.- 19. Anaerobic Infections.- 19.1 Clostridial Infections.- 19.2 Non-clostridial Anaerobic Infections.- 19.2.1 Pulmonary Infection.- 19.2.2 Cerebral Abscess.- 19.2.3 Intra-abdominal Sepsis.- 19.2.4 Female Genital Tract Infection.- 19.2.5 Other Infections.- 20. Antibacterial Therapy in Renal and Hepatic Disease.- 20.1 Renal Disease.- 20.1.1 Sulphonamides.- 20.1.2 Penicillins.- 20.1.3 Co-trimoxazole.- 20.1.4 Chloramphenicol.- 20.1.5 Tetracyclines.- 20.1.6 Macrolides.- 20.1.7 Lincomycin and Clindamycin.- 20.1.8 Fusidic Acid.- 20.1.9 Nitrofurantoin.- 20.1.10 Nalidixic Acid.- 20.1.11 Cephalosporins.- 20.1.12 Peptide Antibiotics.- 20.1.13 Aminoglycosides.- 20.1.14 Cycloserine.- 20.1.15 Antituberculosis Drugs.- 20.2 Hepatic Disease.- 20.2.1 Drugs Causing Hepatocellular Damage.- 20.2.2 Drugs Causing Hepatitis-like Reactions.- 20.2.3 Drugs Causing Cholestasis.- 20.2.4 Drugs Mainly Metabolised or Detoxicated in the Liver.- 21. Antibacterial Therapy in Infants and Children.- 21.1 General Considerations.- 21.2 Dosage.- 21.3 Clinical Pharmacology in Premature Infants and the Newborn.- 21.3.1 Protein Binding.- 21.3.2 Metabolism and Detoxication.- 21.3.3 Renal Excretion.- 21.3.4 Genetic Factors.- 21.4 Special Considerations with Individual Drugs.- 21.4.1 Sulphonamides.- 21.4.2 The Penicillins.- 21.4.3 Co-trimoxazole.- 21.4.4 Chloramphenicol.- 21.4.5 Tetracyclines.- 21.4.6 Macrolides 1.- 21.4.7 Novobiocin.- 21.4.8 Lincomycin and Clindamycin.- 21.4.9 Fusidic Acid.- 21.4.10 Nitrofurantoin 1.- 21.4.11 Nalidixic Acid.- 21.4.12 Cephalosporins.- 21.4.13 Polypeptide Antibiotics.- 21.4.14 Aminoglycosides.- 21.4.15 Hexachlorophane.- 21.5 Specific Infections in Infants.- 21.5.1 Congenital Syphilis.- 21.5.2 Gonococcal Ophthalmia.- 21.5.3 Staphylococcal Infections.- 21.5.4 Gram-negative Bacillary Septicaemia.- 21.5.5 Meningitis in Children.- 21.5.6 Urinary Infections.- 21.5.7 Gastroenteritis.- 21.5.8 Cystic Fibrosis.- 21.5.9 Whooping Cough.- 22. Antibacterial Therapy in the Elderly.- 22.1 General Principles.- 22.2 Urinary Tract Infection.- 22.2.1 Indications for Treatment.- 22.2.2 Drugs of Choice.- 22.3 Chest Infection.- 22.4 Skin and Soft Tissue Infection.- 22.4.1 Impetigo.- 22.4.2 Erysipelas.- 22.4.3 Cellulitis.- 22.4.4 Lymphangitis.- 22.4.5 Bedsores.- 23. Antibacterial Drugs in Obstetrics and Gynaecology.- 23.1 Obstetrics.- 23.1.1 Bacteriuria of Pregnancy.- 23.2 Gynaecology.- 23.2.1 Venereal Disease.- 23.2.2 Salpingitis.- 23.2.3 Puerperal Sepsis.- 23.2.4 Tuberculous Salpingitis.- 23.2.5 Acute Pelvic Peritonitis.- 24. Surgical Infections.- 24.1 Prophylaxis of Surgical Infection.- 24.2 Pyrexia Following Surgery.- 25. Opportunistic Infection.- 25.1 Exogenous Opportunistic Infection.- 25.1.1 Intravenous Cannulae.- 25.1.2 Urinary Catheters.- 25.1.3 Infections of Prostheses.- 25.1.4 Infections Associated with Injections.- 25.2 Endogenous Opportunistic Infection.- 25.2.1 Pre-disposing Conditions.- 25.2.2 Predisposing Conditions: Neutropenia.- 25.3 Bacteraemia.- 25.3.1 Incidence.- 25.3.2 Underlying Conditions.- 25.3.3 Treatment.- 25.3.4 Outcome of Treatment.- 25.3.5 Interpretation of Results.- 25.4 Management of Opportunistic Infection.- 26. The Management of Tuberculosis.- References._x000D_
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