Basic Medical Endocrinology 4Th Edn by H Goodman, ELSEVIER

Description

ELSEVIER Basic Medical Endocrinology 4Th Edn by H Goodman

Basic Medical Endocrinology, Fourth Edition provides up-to-date coverage of rapidly unfolding advances in the understanding of hormones involved in regulating most aspects of bodily functions. Topics are approached from the perspective of a physiologist with over 40 years of teaching experience. _x000D__x000D_This fourth edition is richly illustrated in full color with both descriptive schematic diagrams and laboratory findings obtained in clinical studies. Each of the fourteen chapters starts with an overview of the topic and ends with a Suggested Reading list. Initial chapters lay a foundation by presenting basic information and principles of hormone structure, secretion, and actions, and the physiological roles of the principal endocrine glands. Subsequent chapters address the role of the endocrine system in solving such physiological problems as the regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids in the face of changing environmental demands, and the regulation of short- and long-term energy balance. The final chapters deal with the indispensable role of hormones in growth, development and reproduction._x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 1 Introduction_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis of Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Storage and Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormones in Blood_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormone Degradation _x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanisms of Hormone Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Specificity_x000D_ _x000D_ Characteristics of Receptors _x000D_ _x000D_ Hormonal Actions Mediated by Intracellular Receptors_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormonal Actions Mediated by Surface Receptors_x000D_ _x000D_ The G-protein Coupled Receptors_x000D_ _x000D_ Receptors that Signal through Tyrosine Kinase_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Hormone Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Negative Feedback_x000D_ _x000D_ Positive Feedback_x000D_ _x000D_ Feed Forward_x000D_ _x000D_ Measurement of Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Immunoassays_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormone Levels in Blood_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 2 Pituitary Gland_x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiology of the Anterior Pituitary Gland_x000D_ _x000D_ Glycoprotein Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Growth Hormone and Prolactin_x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenocorticotropin Family_x000D_ _x000D_ Development of the Anterior Pituitary Gland_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Hypophysiotropic Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)_x000D_ _x000D_ Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone_x000D_ _x000D_ Control of GH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Corticotropin Releasing Hormone_x000D_ _x000D_ Dopamine and control of Prolactin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Secretion and Actions of Hypophysiotropic Hormones _x000D_ _x000D_ Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiology of the Posterior_x000D_ _x000D_ Pituitary_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Posterior Pituitary Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 3 Thyroid Gland_x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology_x000D_ _x000D_ Thyroid Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Iodine Trapping_x000D_ _x000D_ Thyroglobulin Synthesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Incorporation of Iodine_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormone Storage _x000D_ _x000D_ Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Control of Thyroid Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of the Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins_x000D_ _x000D_ Autoregulation of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Thyroid Hormones in Blood_x000D_ _x000D_ Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Growth and Maturation_x000D_ _x000D_ Skeletal System_x000D_ _x000D_ Central Nervous System_x000D_ _x000D_ AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM _x000D_ _x000D_ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM_x000D_ _x000D_ METABOLISM_x000D_ _x000D_ Oxidative Metabolism and Thermogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Carbohydrate Metaboliism_x000D_ _x000D_ Lipid Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Nitrogen Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 4 Adrenal Glands_x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology_x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenal Cortex_x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenocortical Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Control of Adrenocortical Hormone Synthesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenal Steroid Hormones in Blood_x000D_ _x000D_ Postsecretory Metabolism of Adrenal Cortical Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiology of the Mineralocorticoids_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Aldosterone on the Kidney_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiology of the Glucocorticoids_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Energy Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Water Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Lung DevelopmentGlucocorticoids and Responses to Injury _x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenocortical Function during Stress_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Adrenal Medulla_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis of the Medullary Catecholamines_x000D_ _x000D_ Storage, Release, and Metabolism of Medullary Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Medullary Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation Of Adrenal Medullary Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 5 Principles of Hormonal Integration_x000D_ _x000D_ Integration of Hormonal Signals at the Cellular and Molecular Level_x000D_ _x000D_ Augmentation, Antagonism, and Synergy_x000D_ _x000D_ Permissiveness_x000D_ _x000D_ Maintaining Signal Fidelity_x000D_ _x000D_ Modulation of Responding Systems_x000D_ _x000D_ Sensitivity and Capacity_x000D_ _x000D_ Spare Receptors_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormonal Integration at the Whole Animal Level_x000D_ _x000D_ Redundancy_x000D_ _x000D_ Reinforcement_x000D_ _x000D_ Push-Pull Mechanisms_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 6 Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract _x000D_ _x000D_ Functional Anatomy of the GI Tract_x000D_ _x000D_ Overview of Digestion and Absorption _x000D_ _x000D_ Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract _x000D_ _x000D_ The Gastrin/Cholecystokinin Family _x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Gastrin_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Gastrin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Cholecystokinin (CCK) _x000D_ _x000D_ The Secretin/Glucagon Superfamily _x000D_ _x000D_ Secretin 114_x000D_ _x000D_ GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide/Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucagon-like Peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2)_x000D_ _x000D_ The Pancreatic Polypeptide Family _x000D_ _x000D_ Neurotensin_x000D_ _x000D_ The Motilin/Ghrelin Family_x000D_ _x000D_ Concluding Comments_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 7 The Pancreatic Islets_x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology of the Endocrine Pancreas_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucagon_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Glucagon_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucose Production_x000D_ _x000D_ Glycogenolysis_x000D_ _x000D_ Gluconeogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Lipogenesis and Ketogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Ureogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Glucagon Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Insulin_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Insulin_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Insulin Deficiency _x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Adipose Tissue_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Muscle 138_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Liver_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Insulin Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Insulin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucose_x000D_ _x000D_ Other Circulating Metabolites_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormonal and Neural Control _x000D_ _x000D_ Cellular Events _x000D_ _x000D_ Somatostatin_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 8 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ General Features of Energy Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Body Fuels_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucose _x000D_ _x000D_ Glycogen_x000D_ _x000D_ Protein_x000D_ _x000D_ Fat_x000D_ _x000D_ Problems Inherent in the Use of Glucose and Fat as Metabolic Fuels_x000D_ _x000D_ Fuel Consumption_x000D_ _x000D_ The Glucose Fatty Acid Cycle_x000D_ _x000D_ AMP Activated Kinase (AMPK)_x000D_ _x000D_ Overall Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration_x000D_ _x000D_ Short-term Regulation_x000D_ _x000D_ Long-term Regulation_x000D_ _x000D_ Integrated Actions of Metabolic Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Adipose Issue_x000D_ _x000D_ Muscle_x000D_ _x000D_ Liver_x000D_ _x000D_ Pancreatic Islets_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Metabolism during Feeding and Fasting_x000D_ _x000D_ Postprandial Period _x000D_ _x000D_ Postabsorptive Period_x000D_ _x000D_ Fasting_x000D_ _x000D_ Hormonal Interactions during Exercise_x000D_ _x000D_ Short-Term Maximal Effort_x000D_ _x000D_ Sustained Aerobic Exercise_x000D_ _x000D_ Long-term Regulation of Fuel Storage_x000D_ _x000D_ Adipogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Hypothalamic Control of Appetite and Food Intake_x000D_ _x000D_ Peripheral Input to Hypothalamic Feeding and Satiety Neurons_x000D_ _x000D_ Adiposity Signals_x000D_ _x000D_ Leptin_x000D_ _x000D_ Insulin as an Adiposity Signal_x000D_ _x000D_ Adipokines_x000D_ _x000D_ Satiety Signals_x000D_ _x000D_ Perspective_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 9 Regulation of Salt and Water Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ General Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ Salt and Water Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)_x000D_ _x000D_ Antidiuretic Effect_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Blood Pressure_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of ADH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Plasma Osmolality_x000D_ _x000D_ Blood Volume_x000D_ _x000D_ Dysfunctional States_x000D_ _x000D_ The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions of Angiotensin II_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on the Adrenal Cortex_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on the Kidney _x000D_ _x000D_ Cardiovascular Effects_x000D_ _x000D_ Central Nervous System Effects_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System_x000D_ _x000D_ Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions_x000D_ _x000D_ Cardiovascular Actions_x000D_ _x000D_ Renal Actions_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Aldosterone Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Other Effects_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of ANF Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Integrated Compensatory Responses to Changes in Salt and Water Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Hemorrhage_x000D_ _x000D_ Response of the Renin Angiotensin System_x000D_ _x000D_ Response of the ADH System_x000D_ _x000D_ Response of Aldosterone_x000D_ _x000D_ Response of ANF_x000D_ _x000D_ Dehydration_x000D_ _x000D_ Salt Loading and Depletion_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 10 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ General Features of Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Distribution of Calcium in the Body_x000D_ _x000D_ Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Intestinal Absorption_x000D_ _x000D_ Bone_x000D_ _x000D_ Kidney_x000D_ _x000D_ Phosphorus Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Parathyroid Glands and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)_x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis, Storage, and Secretion of PTH_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanisms of Parathyroid Hormone Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions Of PTH_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Bone_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Kidney_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Intestinal Absorption_x000D_ _x000D_ PTH Fragments_x000D_ _x000D_ Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHRP)_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation Of PTH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Calcitonin_x000D_ _x000D_ Cells of Origin _x000D_ _x000D_ Biosynthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Calcitonin_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Bone_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Kidney_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ The Vitamin D-Endocrine System_x000D_ _x000D_ Synthesis and Metabolism _x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of 1,25(OH)2D3_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Intestine_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Bone_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Kidney_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions on Parathyroid Glands _x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation Of 1,25(OH)2D3 Production_x000D_ _x000D_ Calcium Regulation of Plasma Calcium Concentrations_x000D_ _x000D_ Integrated Actions of Calcitropic Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Response to a Hypocalcemic Challenge_x000D_ _x000D_ Response to a Hypercalcemic Challenge_x000D_ _x000D_ Other Hormones That Influence Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 11 Hormonal Control of Growth_x000D_ _x000D_ Growth Hormone_x000D_ _x000D_ Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Mode of Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Growth Hormone_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Skeletal Growth_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of GH/IGF-I on Body Composition_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of GH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Age _x000D_ _x000D_ Regulators of GH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Actions Of GHRH, Somatostatin, IGF-I, and GH Relin on the Somatotrope_x000D_ _x000D_ Thyroid Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Dependence of GH Synthesis and Secretion on T3_x000D_ _x000D_ Importance of T3 for Expression Of GH Actions_x000D_ _x000D_ Insulin _x000D_ _x000D_ Gonadal Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Estrogens on Epiphyseal Growth Plates_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Growth Hormone Secretion and Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of Androgens_x000D_ _x000D_ Glucocorticoids_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 12 Hormonal Control of Reproduction in the Male_x000D_ _x000D_ Morphology of the Testes_x000D_ _x000D_ Leydig Cells and Seminiferous Tubules_x000D_ _x000D_ Male Reproductive Tract_x000D_ _x000D_ Control of Testicular Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Leydig Cells _x000D_ _x000D_ Germinal Epithelium_x000D_ _x000D_ Testosterone _x000D_ _x000D_ Secretion and Metabolism_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on the Male Genital Tract_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Secondary Sexual Characteristics_x000D_ _x000D_ Sexual Differentiation_x000D_ _x000D_ Development of Internal Reproductive Ducts and Their Derivatives_x000D_ _x000D_ Development of the External Genitalia_x000D_ _x000D_ Testicular Descent into the Scrotum_x000D_ _x000D_ Postnatal Development_x000D_ _x000D_ Anomalies of Sexual Differentiation_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of Testicular Function _x000D_ _x000D_ Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone and the Hypothalamic Pulse Generator_x000D_ _x000D_ Negative Feedback Regulators_x000D_ _x000D_ Inhibin and Testosterone_x000D_ _x000D_ Prepuberty_x000D_ _x000D_ Puberty_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 13 Hormonal Control of Reproduction in the Female: The Menstrual Cycle_x000D_ _x000D_ Female Reproductive Tract_x000D_ _x000D_ Ovaries_x000D_ _x000D_ Folliculogenesis_x000D_ _x000D_ Oviducts and Uterus_x000D_ _x000D_ Ovarian Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Estrogens_x000D_ _x000D_ Progesterone Inhibin_x000D_ _x000D_ Relaxin _x000D_ _x000D_ Control of Ovarian Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects of FSH and LH on the Developing Follicle_x000D_ _x000D_ Estradiol Production_x000D_ _x000D_ Follicular Development_x000D_ _x000D_ Cellular Actions of FSH and LH_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Ovulation _x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Corpus Luteum Formation_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Oocyte Maturation_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Corpus Luteal Function_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on Ovarian Blood Flow_x000D_ _x000D_ Physiological Actions of Ovarian Steroid Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on the Reproductive Tract_x000D_ _x000D_ Menstruation _x000D_ _x000D_ Effects on the Mammary Glands _x000D_ _x000D_ Other Effects of Ovarian Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Action_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation of the Reproductive Cycle_x000D_ _x000D_ Pattern of Hormones in Blood during the Ovarian Cycle_x000D_ _x000D_ Regulation Of FSH And LH Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Negative Feedback Aspects_x000D_ _x000D_ Selection of the Dominant Follicle_x000D_ _x000D_ Positive Feedback Aspects_x000D_ _x000D_ Neural Control of Gonadotropin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Sites of Feedback Control_x000D_ _x000D_ Timing of Reproductive Cycles_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Chapter 14 Hormonal Control of Pregnancy and Lactation_x000D_ _x000D_ Fertilization and Implantation_x000D_ _x000D_ Gamete Transport_x000D_ _x000D_ Role of the Oviducts_x000D_ _x000D_ Implantation and the Formation of the Placenta_x000D_ _x000D_ The Placenta_x000D_ _x000D_ Placental Hormones_x000D_ _x000D_ Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)_x000D_ _x000D_ Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS)_x000D_ _x000D_ Progesterone_x000D_ _x000D_ Estrogens _x000D_ _x000D_ The Role of the Fetal Adrenal Cortex_x000D_ _x000D_ The Role of Progesterone and Estrogens in Sustaining Pregnancy_x000D_ _x000D_ Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy_x000D_ _x000D_ Cardiovascular Adaptations_x000D_ _x000D_ Renal Adaptations_x000D_ _x000D_ Osmoregulation and Thirst_x000D_ _x000D_ Respiratory Adjustments_x000D_ _x000D_ Gas Exchange_x000D_ _x000D_ Metabolic Adjustments_x000D_ _x000D_ Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Parturition_x000D_ _x000D_ The Role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)_x000D_ _x000D_ The Role of Oxytocin_x000D_ _x000D_ Lactation_x000D_ _x000D_ Growth and Development of the Mammary Glands_x000D_ _x000D_ Milk Production_x000D_ _x000D_ Lactation and Maternal Calcium Balance_x000D_ _x000D_ Mechanism of Prolactin Action _x000D_ _x000D_ Neuroendocrine Mechanisms_x000D_ _x000D_ Milk Let-Down Reflex_x000D_ _x000D_ Cellular Actions of Oxytocin_x000D_ _x000D_ Control of Prolactin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Cellular Regulation of Prolactin Secretion_x000D_ _x000D_ Prolactin in Blood_x000D_ _x000D_ Lactation and Resumption of Ovarian Cycles_x000D_ _x000D_ Suggested Reading_x000D_ _x000D_ Index_x000D_ show more