Description
COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS Calcium Techniques by Jan B. Parys KU Leuven Martin Bootma
Life begins with a surge of calcium ions (Ca2+) at fertilization, and thereafter, Ca2+ signaling influences nearly every aspect of mammalian development and physiology, from gene expression and cell proliferation to muscle contraction and nerve impulses. To create spatiotemporally distinct Ca2+ signals, cells use a variety of mechanisms to recognize, transport, and buffer Ca2+. Thus, a diverse range of reliable experimental techniques is necessary to study the movement of Ca2+ and the various effectors involved.This laboratory manual provides step-by-step protocols for studying many facets of Ca2+ signaling, as well as background information on the principles and applications of the techniques. Contributors discuss how to use fluorescent, luminescent, and genetically encoded Ca2+ probes in conjunction with state-of-the-art imaging modalities to characterize Ca2+ signals. Electrophysiological measurements of Ca2+ channel activity are described, as are radioactive Ca2+ flux assays and methods to investigate signaling mediated by specific Ca2+-mobilizing messengers (IP3, cADPR, and NAADP). Techniques to modulate and suppress intra- and intercellular signals are also provided. Each protocol is complete with a list of required materials, detailed recipes for media and reagents, and troubleshooting advice.Specific chapters are devoted to Ca2+ signaling techniques in non-mammalian systems, such as plants, yeast, zebrafish, and Xenopus. Methods for assessing Ca2+-binding kinetics and strategies for developing mathematical models of Ca2+ signaling are also included. Thus, this manual is a comprehensive laboratory resource for biochemists, cell and developmental biologists, and physiologists who are using or looking to expand their repertoire of Ca2+ techniques. Preface; 1. Globalization and the multinational corporation; Part I. Introduction to Foreign Exchange Markets and Risks: 2. The foreign exchange market; 3. Forward markets and transaction exchange risk; 4. The balance of payments; 5. Exchange rate systems; Part II. International Parity Conditions and Exchange Rate Determination: 6. Interest rate parity; 7. Speculation and risk in the foreign exchange market; 8. Purchasing power parity and real exchange rates; 9. Measuring and managing real exchange risk; 10. Exchange rate determination and forecasting; Part III. International Capital Markets: 11. International debt financing; 12. International equity financing; 13. International capital market equilibrium; 14. Country and political risk; Part IV. International Corporate Finance: 15. International capital budgeting; 16. Additional topics in international capital budgeting; 17. Risk management and the foreign currency hedging decision; Part V. Managing Ongoing Operations: 18. Financing international trade; 19. Managing net working capital; Part VI. Foreign Currency Derivatives: 20. Foreign currency futures and options; 21. Interest rate and foreign currency swaps; Glossary; Index.