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Springer Catecholamines 1st Editon 2011 Softbound by Hermann Blaschko, Erich Muscholl
Catecholamines 1922 -1971 H. BLASCHKO Adrenaline and related substances were discussed in the 1924 edition of Hefl'ter's Handbook by PAUL TRENDELENBURG. On 164 pages he described what was then known not only of adrenaline and its closest relatives but also of the sympathomimetic compounds such as tyramine and ephedrine. When the present Editors of the Handbook entrusted us with the task of editing the present Volume it was decided to restrict it to adrenaline and the other naturally occurring catecholamines. The sympathomimetic amines in general will be discussed only in their relation to the catecholamines. Since TRENDELENBURG completed his review this field has undergone an enormous expansion. There has been a wealth of new findings, and a succession of new ideas. The new theories that have been built into contemporary thought will be fully discussed in the succeeding contributions. But many of the hypotheses that have been put forward since 1924 have long been discarded and yet, they have often led to important observations that we still consider as valid. 1: Introduction. Catecholamines 1922–1971.- 2: The Chromaffin System.- I. Introduction.- II. Distribution of Chromaffin Cells in Vertebrates.- 1. Invertebrates.- 2. Vertebrates.- 3. The Carotid Body.- 4. Peripheral Chromaffin Cells.- III. The Functional Anatomy of the Chromaffin Cell.- 1. Structure of Chromaffin Granules.- 2. Cell Organelles.- 3. Formation of Chromaffin Granules.- 4. Adrenalin-Noradrenaline Storage.- 5. Adrenaline versus Noradrenaline Storage.- 6. Discharge of Contents of Chromaffin Granules.- IV. Innervation of Chromaffin Cells.- 1. Adrenal Medulla.- 2. Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells.- References.- 3: Electron Microscopy of Catecholamine-Containing Structures.- I. Introduction.- II. Identifying Catecholamine-Containing Cellular Organelles.- 1. Identification Criteria.- 2. Chemical Basis for the Selective Staining of Catecholamines.- III. Localization of Catecholamines in Nervous Tissues.- 1. Peripheral Sympathetic Nerve Terminals.- a) Small Granular Vesicles.- b) Large Granular Vesicles.- 2. Central Nerve Terminals.- 3. Localizing Catecholamines in Neuronal Cell Bodies and Non-terminal Axons.- IV. Cytology of Catecholamine-Containing Cells.- 1. The Chromaffin Cells.- 2. Chromaffin Neurons.- 3. Carotid Body Chemoreceptors.- 4. Sympathetic Neurons.- 5. Sympathetic Axons and Terminals.- 6. Central Neurons and Terminals.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 4: Catecholamines in the Invertebrates.- I. Introduction.- II. Catecholamines in the Major Invertebrate Phyla.- 1. Protozoa.- 2. Porifera (Sponges).- 3. Coelenterata.- 4. Platyhelminthes (Flatworms).- 5. Nemertinea (Ribbon Worms).- 6. Annelida (Segmented Worms).- 7. Mollusca.- 8. Arthropoda.- 9. Echinodermata.- 10. Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata.- III. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5: The Distribution of Catecholamines in Vertebrates.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods Used for the Estimation and Identification of Catecholamines in Tissues and Body Fluids.- III. Distribution of Catecholamines in Tissues and Body Fluids.- 1. Catecholamines in Cyclostomata (Hagfishes and Lampreys).- 2. Catecholamines in Euselachii.- 3. Catecholamines in Teleostii (Bony Fishes).- 4. Catecholamines in Amphibia.- 5. Catecholamines in Reptilia.- 6. Catecholamines in Birds.- 7. Catecholamines in Mammals.- a) Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord, Pineal Gland, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Peripheral Nerves and Ganglia).- b) Eye.- c) Adrenal Gland (Adrenal Medulla, Dopamine in the Adrenal Gland, N-methyladrenaline.- d) Extramedullary Chromaffin Tissue.- e) Heart.- f) Lung.- g) Kidney.- h) Thyroid Gland.- i) Reproductive Organs (Male Sex Organs, Female Sex Organs).- j) Gastro-intestinal Tract.- k) Liver.- l) Spleen.- m) Salivary Glands.- n) Pancreas.- o) Catecholamines in the Walls of Blood Vessels.- p) Carotid Body.- q) Adipose Tissue.- r) Skeletal Muscle.- s) Skin.- t) Catecholamines in Blood.- u) Catecholamines in Urine.- v) Cells which Can Form Catecholamines.- Annex: Tables 1–44.- References.- 6: Synthesis, Uptake and Storage of Catecholamines in Adrenergic Nerves. The Effect of Drugs.- A. Introduction.- B. Adrenergic Nerves.- I. Synthesis.- 1. Main Synthetic Pathway.- a) Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- b) DOPA-Decarboxylase.- c) Dopamines ?-hydroxylase.- 2. Other Synthetic Pathways.- 3. Localization of Synthesis. Effect of Precursors.- 4. Synthesis Inhibitors.- a) Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitors.- b) DOPA-Decarboxylase Inhibitors.- ?) Derivatives of Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine.- ?) Decaborane.- c) Dopamine ?-hydroxylase Inhibitors.- ?) Hydroxybenzyloxyamine.- ?) Disulfiram, Tropolone.- d) Reserpine.- 5. Induction and Regulation of Synthesis.- 6. Synthesis Rate and Kinetics.- II. Uptake.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Uptake of Catecholamines in Organs and Tissues.- 3. Uptake in Adrenergic Nerves.- 4. Specific Uptake in Storage Particles.- 5. Bulk Uptake of Catecholamines after Depletion.- 6.