Description
American Psychological Association Concise Guide to APA Style 7/e by American Psychological Association
Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition is the official APA Style resource for students. Designed specifically for undergraduate writing, this easy-to-use pocket guide is adapted from the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It provides complete guidance for new writers on effective, clear, and inclusive scholarly communication and the essentials of formatting papers and other course assignments.New to This Edition: full color throughoutcontent relevant to a range of majors and courses, including psychology, social work, criminal justice, communications, composition, education, business, engineering, and morea new chapter focused on student papersa sample student title page, paper, and annotated bibliographystreamlined APA Style headings and in-text citationsa new chapter on writing style and grammarchapters on punctuation, lists, italics, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and statisticsthe latest bias-free language guidelinesnew sample tables and figuresguidance on avoiding plagiarism and self-plagiarismnew reference templates and examples 1. Student Paper Types, Elements, and FormatGeneral Guidelines for Student Papers1.1 Application of APA Style to Student Papers1.2 Student Essays1.3 Annotated Bibliographies1.4 Dissertations and Theses1.5 Student Paper Required ElementsPaper Elements1.6 Title Page1.7 Title1.8 Author Name (Byline)1.9 Author Affiliation1.10 Abstract1.11 Text (Body)1.12 Reference List1.13 Footnotes1.14 AppendicesFormat1.15 Importance of Format1.16 Order of Pages1.17 Page Header1.18 Font1.19 Special Characters1.20 Line Spacing1.21 Margins1.22 Paragraph Alignment1.23 Paragraph Indentation1.24 Paper LengthOrganization1.25 Principles of Organization1.26 Heading Levels1.27 Section LabelsSample Student Paper2. Writing Style and GrammarEffective Scholarly Writing2.1 Continuity and Flow2.2 Transitions2.3 Noun Strings2.4 Conciseness and Clarity2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy2.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length2.7 Tone2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms2.9 Jargon2.10 Logical Comparisons2.11 AnthropomorphismGrammar and Usage2.12 Verb Tense2.13 Active and Passive Voice2.14 Mood2.15 Subject and Verb Agreement2.16 First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns2.17 Editorial 'We'2.18 Singular 'They'2.19 Pronouns for People and Animals ('Who' vs. 'That')2.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects ('Who vs. Whom')2.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses ('That' vs. 'Which')2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers2.24 Parallel ConstructionStrategies to Improve Your Writing2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example2.26 Writing From an Outline2.27 Rereading the Draft2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students2.29 Working With Writing Centers2.30 Revising a Paper3. Bias-Free Language GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines for Reducing Bias3.1 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity3.2 Be Sensitive to LabelsReducing Bias by Topic3.3 Age3.4 Disability3.5 Gender3.6 Participation in Research3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity3.8 Sexual Orientation3.9 Socioeconomic Status3.10 Intersectionality4. Punctuation, Lists, and ItalicsPunctuation4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks4.2 Period4.3 Comma4.4 Semicolon4.5 Colon4.6 Dash4.7 Quotation Marks4.8 Parentheses4.9 Square Brackets4.10 SlashLists4.11 List Guidelines4.12 Lettered Lists4.13 Numbered Lists4.14 Bulleted ListsItalics4.15 Use of Italics4.16 Reverse Italics5. Spelling, Capitalization, and AbbreviationsSpelling5.1 Preferred Spelling5.2 HyphenationCapitalization5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names5.5 Job Titles and Positions5.6 Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters5.10 Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment5.11 Names of Factors, Variables, and EffectsAbbreviations5.12 Use of Abbreviations5.13 Definition of Abbreviations5.14 Format of Abbreviations5.15 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations5.16 Time Abbreviations5.17 Latin Abbreviations5.18 Chemical Compound Abbreviations 6. Numbers and StatisticsNumbers6.1 Numbers Expressed in Numerals6.2 Numbers Expressed in Words6.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers6.4 Ordinal Numbers6.5 Decimal Fractions6.6 Roman Numerals6.7 Commas in Numbers6.8 Plurals of NumbersStatistics and Equations6.9 Presentation of Statistics6.10 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations6.11 Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics6.12 Presentation of Equations7. Tables and FiguresGeneral Guidelines for Tables and Figures7.1 Purpose of Tables and Figures7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text7.6 Placement of Tables and Figures7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and FiguresTables7.8 Principles of Table Construction7.9 Table Components7.10 Table Numbers7.11 Table Titles7.12 Table Headings7.13 Table Body7.14 Table Notes7.15 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures7.16 Confidence Intervals in Tables7.17 Table Borders and Shading7.18 Long or Wide Tables7.19 Relation Between Tables7.20 Table Checklist7.21 Sample TablesFigures7.22 Principles of Figure Construction7.23 Figure Components7.24 Figure Numbers7.25 Figure Titles7.26 Figure Images7.27 Figure Legends7.28 Figure Notes7.29 Relation Between Figures7.30 Photographs7.31 Figure Checklist7.32 Sample Figures8. Works Credited in the TextGeneral Guidelines for Citation8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation8.2 Plagiarism8.3 Self-Plagiarism8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version8.6 Primary and Secondary SourcesWorks Requiring Special Approaches8.7 Interviews8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources8.9 Personal CommunicationsIn-Text Citations8.10 Author Date Citation System8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations8.12 Citing Multiple Works8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates8.16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations8.18 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations8.19 Works With the Same Author and Same Date8.20 Authors With the Same Surname8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and AppsParaphrases and Quotations8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing8.24 Long Paraphrases8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation8.26 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More)8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers8.29 Accuracy of Quotations8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks8.34 EpigraphsCopyright and Permission 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials8.36 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution8.37 Copyright Status8.38 Permission and Fair Use8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats9. Reference ListReference Categories9.1 Determining the Reference Category9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category9.3 Online and Print ReferencesPrinciples of Reference List Entries9.4 Four Elements of a Reference9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in ReferencesReference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source)9.7 Author Element9.8 Format of the Author Element9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles9.11 Group Authors9.12 No Author9.13 Date Element9.14 Format of the Date Element9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works9.16 Retrieval Dates9.17 No Date9.18 Title Element9.19 Format of the Title Element9.20 Series and Multivolume Works9.21 Bracketed Descriptions9.22 No Title9.23 Source Element9.24 Format of the Source Element9.25 Periodical Sources9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information9.27 Article Numbers9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources9.29 Publisher Sources9.30 Database and Archive Sources9.31 Works With Specific Locations9.32 Social Media Sources9.33 Website Sources9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs9.36 DOI or URL Shorteners9.37 No SourceReference Variations9.38 Works in Another Language9.39 Translated Works9.40 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works9.41 Religious and Classical WorksReference List Format and Order9.42 Format of the Reference List9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author9.46 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author9.49 Abbreviations in References10. Reference ExamplesAuthor VariationsDate VariationsTitle VariationsSource VariationsTextual Works10.1 Periodicals10.2 Books and Reference Works10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works10.4 Reports and Gray Literature10.5 Dissertations and Theses10.6 Reviews10.7 Informally Published WorksSoftware and Tests10.13 Social Media10.14 Webpages and Websites Legal References10.15 Cases or Court Decisions10.16 Statutes (Laws and Acts)10.17 Constitutions and Charters10.18 Treaties and International Conventions