Description
JOHN WILEY Direct Analysis In Real Time Mass Spectrometry Principles And Practices Of Dart-Ms 2017 Edition by Yiyang Dong
Clear, comprehensive, and state of the art, the groundbreaking book on the emerging technology of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometryWritten by a noted expert in the field, Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry offers a review of the background and the most recent developments in DART-MS. Invented in 2005, DART-MS offers a wide range of applications for solving numerous analytical problems in various environments, including food science, forensics, and clinical analysis. The text presents an introduction to the history of the technology and includes information on the theoretical background, for exampleon the ionization mechanism. Chapters on sampling and coupling to different types of mass spectrometers are followed by a comprehensive discussion of a broad range of applications.Unlike most other ionization methods, DART does not require laborious sample preparation, as ionization takes place directly on the sample surface. This makes the technique especially attractive for applications in forensics and food science. Comprehensive in scope, this vital text: -Sets the standard on an important and emerging ionization technique-Thoroughly discusses all the relevant aspects from instrumentation to applications-Helps in solving numerous analytical problems in various applications, for example food science, forensics, environmental and clinical analysis-Covers mechanisms, coupling to mass spectrometers, and includes information on challenges and disadvantages of the techniqueAcademics, analytical chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, clinical chemists, forensic scientists, and others will find this illuminating text a must-have resource for understanding the most recent developments in the field. Preface xvAbout the Editor xvii1 Introduction of Mass Spectrometry and Ambient Ionization Techniques 1Yiyang Dong, Jiahui Liu, and Tianyang Guo1.1 Evolution of Analytical Chemistry and Its Challenges in the Twenty-First Century 11.2 Historical Overview of Mass Spectrometry and Its Role in Contemporary Analytical Chemistry 51.3 Desorption/Ionization in Mass Spectrometry 121.3.1 Electronic Ionization (EI) 131.3.2 Chemical Ionization (CI) 141.3.3 Fast Atom/Ion Bombardment Ionization (FAB) 151.3.4 Electrospray Ionization (ESI) 161.3.5 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) 181.3.6 Field Desorption (FD) or Field Ionization (FI) 191.3.7 Plasma Desorption (PD) (ICP, LTP, DART) 191.4 Ambient Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time 211.4.1 Ambient Ionization 211.4.2 Direct Analysis in Real Time 241.4.2.1 Mechanisms 241.4.2.2 Parameters 271.4.2.3 Devices 29References 302 DART Mass Spectrometry: Principle and Ionization Facilities 43David Rondeau2.1 Introduction 432.2 Metastable Gas Stream Formation 432.3 Ionization Mechanisms in Positive DART 452.3.1 Generation of Primary Ions by Ambient Air Ionization 462.3.2 Formation of the Protonated Molecules 502.3.3 Formation of the Ammonium Adducts 542.3.4 Formation of the Radical Cations and Their Fragments 552.3.5 Matrix Effects in DART Due to Sample Solvents 592.4 Ionization Mechanisms in Negative DART 652.4.1 Generation of Primary Ions by Ambient Air Ionization 652.4.2 Formation of Deprotonated Molecules 682.4.3 Formation of Radical Anions 692.4.4 Formation of Anionic Adducts 702.5 Some Parameters Affecting the DART Mass Spectra 712.5.1 Substitution of Helium by Nitrogen or Argon 712.5.2 The Temperature of the Gas Stream 752.5.3 The Internal Energy of Ions in DART-MS 762.6 Conclusion 78References 783 Sampling and Analyte Enrichment Strategies for DART-MS 81WenMa, Xianjiang Li, and Huwei Liu3.1 Dilution Strategy for Sticky Sample Analysis 813.2 Purification Strategy for Eliminating the Matrix Interference 823.2.1 Liquid Phase Extraction 823.2.2 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) 863.2.3 Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) 873.3 Derivatization Strategy to Decrease Polarity and Enhance Volatility 893.4 Conclusions 91References 914 Optimization of DART andMass Spectrometric Parameters 97GuohuaWu andWushuang Li4.1 Introduction 974.2 Effect ofWorking Gas Type, Gas Flow Rate, and Its Temperature 984.2.1 Gas Type 984.2.2 Gas Flow Rate 994.2.3 TheWorking Gas Temperature of DART Ionization Source 1004.3 Effects of Grid Electrode Voltage and Sampling Speed 1024.3.1 Effect of Grid Electrode Voltage 1024.3.2 Effect of Sampling Speed 1034.4 Effect of the SamplingMode 1044.4.1 SamplingMethods 1044.4.2 Position and Angle of the DART Ion Source 1054.5 Effect of Ion Mode 1064.6 Effect of Solvent Type and Reagents 1084.7 Summary 109References 1095 Interfacing DART to Extend Analytical Capabilities 115Yiding Zhang, Shuting Xu, and Yu Bai5.1 Introduction 1155.2 Interfacing DART with Different Separation Techniques 1165.2.1 Solid Samples 1165.2.2 Gaseous Samples 1185.2.3 Liquid Samples 1195.2.3.1 Liquid Chromatography 1195.2.3.2 Capillary Electrophoresis 1235.3 Techniques of Interfacing DART with Other Analytical Techniques 1255.3.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 1255.3.2 Ion Mobility Spectrometry 1265.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 129References 1296 Application of DART-MS in Foods and Agro-Products Analysis 133Canping Pan and Lei Wang6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Applications of DART-MS in Agriculture and Food Science 1346.2.1 DART-MS in Pesticide Residue Analysis 1346.2.1.1 Fast Screening Purposes 1346.2.1.2 Screening Highly Hazardous Pesticides in Agrochemical Formulations 1406.2.1.3 QuantitativeMRM Residue Method 1476.2.2 Veterinary Drug Residue Detection 1486.2.3 Fast Detection of Melamine in Milk 1496.2.4 Detection of Mycotoxins in Cereals 1506.2.5 Food Component Rapid Analysis 1516.2.6 Contaminations in Food Contact Materials (FCMs) 1566.3 Conclusion 156References 1577 Application of DART-MS for Industrial Chemical Analysis 163Qiang Ma7.1 Application on Household Items 1637.1.1 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Analysis in Articles for Daily Use 1637.1.2 Identification of Sulfides in Drywall 1657.1.3 Phosphoric Acid Esters Screening in Aqueous Samples 1687.2 Application on Food Packaging Safety and Quality Control 1727.2.1 Identification of PDMS in Food Packaging Materials 1727.2.2 Identification of Polymer Additives in Food and Food Packaging 1757.2.3 Identification of Residue Primary Aromatic Amines (PAAs) in Food Packaging Materials 1767.3 Application on Pharmaceutical Products 1777.3.1 Toxic Glycols Identification 1777.3.2 Identification of Active Ingredients in Chinese Herbal Medicines 1797.4 Application on Cosmetics Quality Control 1827.4.1 Screening of Glucocorticoids Illegal Addition 1827.5 Application on Other Industrial Chemical Fields 1847.5.1 Ink Discrimination on Questioned Document 1847.5.2 Ionic Liquids Identification 1897.6 Conclusions 190References 1908 Application of Direct Analysis in Real Time Coupled toMass Spectrometry (DART-MS) for the Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 193Maxime C. Bridoux and Sebastien Schramm8.1 Introduction 1938.2 Screening and Quantitative Analysis of Pesticides 1948.3 Flame Retardants DART-MS Analysis 2048.3.1 Organophosphorus Flame Retardants (OPFRs) 2048.3.2 Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) 2078.4 Use of DART-MS for the Analysis of Personal Care Products (PCPs) 2108.4.1 Screening of Organic UV Filters inWater 2108.4.2 Screening of Phthalic Acid Diesters 2118.4.3 HPLC-DART-MS Analysis of Parabens 2118.5 Use of DART-MS for the Analysis of Aerosols 2128.5.1 Online DART for Aerosols Analysis 2128.5.2 Offline DART Methods 2138.5.3 Advantages and Limitations of DART-MS for Aerosols Characterization 2138.6 Miscellaneous Environmental Application of DART-MS 2148.7 Conclusions 215References 2169 Application of DART-MS in Clinical and Pharmacological Analysis 223Yue Li9.1 Introduction 2239.2 Sample Preparation 2249.3 Applications of DART-MS 2259.3.1 Rapid Determination of Small Organic Compounds in Biological Samples 2259.3.1.1 Analysis of a Bitter Herbal Medicine Gentiana scabra Root Extract 2259.3.1.2 Simultaneous Determination of 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Plasma 2269.3.1.3 Rapid Screening for Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine, andTheir Metabolites in Urine 2279.3.2 Newborn Screening for Phenylketonuria 2279.3.3 DART-MS Analysis of Skin Metabolome Changes in Ultraviolet B-Induced Mice 2289.3.4 Application in Detection of Breast Cancer 2319.3.5 Transmission Mode DART-MS for Fast Untargeted Metabolic Fingerprinting 2329.3.6 Applications of Confined DART Ion Source for Online In vivo Analysis of Human Breath 2339.3.6.1 Real-Time Analysis of Exhaled Breath 2349.3.6.2 Real-Time Monitoring of Oral Anesthetic Drug 2359.4 Challenges and Limitations 2369.5 Recent Advancements 237References 23810 DART-MS Applications in Pharmaceuticals 241Karina G. Putri, Qianwen Wu, and Young P. Jang10.1 Pharmaceutical Analysis 24110.2 Quality Assurance 24310.3 Illegal Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Counterfeit Drugs 24410.4 Drug Development 247References 25111 Application of DART-MS in Natural Phytochemical Research 255Vikas Bajpai, Awantika Singh, Brijesh Kumar, and Kunnath P. Madhusudanan11.1 Introduction 25511.2 Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)Mass Spectrometry 25611.3 DART-MS Parameter Optimization for Phytochemical Analysis 25611.4 Applications of DART-MS in Phytochemical Research 25711.4.1 Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis 25711.4.2 Cell Culture Analysis 26111.4.3 Analysis of Volatiles 26111.4.4 Species Identification 26211.4.5 Metabolic Profiling and Multivariate Analysis 26311.4.6 Quantitative Analysis 27411.5 Hyphenated DART-MS Techniques for Phytochemical Analysis 27611.5.1 GC and HPLC-DART-MS 27611.5.2 TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS 27611.5.3 Capillary Electrophoresis-DART MS 27711.5.4 DART-IMS-MS 27711.5.5 Other Coupling Techniques 27711.6 Improving Sensitivity of DART-MS for Phytochemical Analysis 27811.6.1 Solvents and Gases 27811.6.2 Matrix Suppression 27911.7 DART -MS as Process Analytical Technology 27911.8 Future Perspective 280References 28012 Miscellaneous Applications of DART-MS 291Yoshihito Okada12.1 Introduction 29112.2 Usefulness of Negative-IonMode 29212.3 Application to Archeology and Conservation 29312.4 Application by Using TLC 29312.5 Application to Low Volatility, ChemicalWarfare, and Homeland Security 29412.6 Pheromone Profiles from Live Animals in Parallel with Behavior 29512.7 Application to Distinction of Plants with Similarity 29612.8 Application to Space 29812.9 Application to Bituminous Coals 29812.10 Application to Detection of Nicotine 29812.11 Other Potential Applications of DART-MS 29912.11.1 Instantaneous Screening for Counterfeit Drugs with No Sample Preparation [26-1] 29912.11.2 Direct Analysis of Drugs in Pills and Capsules with No Sample Preparation [26-2] 30012.11.3 Detection of Lycopene in Tomato Skin [26-3] 30012.11.4 Distribution of Capsaicin in Chili Peppers [26-4] 30212.11.5 Detection of Unstable Compound Released by Chopped Chives [26-5] 30212.11.6 Rapid Detection of Fungicide in Orange Peel [26-6] 30412.11.7 "Laundry Detective": Identification of a Stain [26-7] 30412.11.8 Detection of the Peroxide Explosives TATP and HMTD [26-8] 30612.11.9 Instantaneous Detection of Explosives on Clothing [26-9] 30612.11.10 Rapid Detection and Exact Mass Measurements of Trace Components in a Herbicide [26-10] 30812.11.11 Rapid Analysis of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Rubber [26-11] 308Acknowledgment 309References 30913 Inherent Limitations and Prospects of DART-MS 313Tim T. Habe, Matthias Nitsch, and Gertrud E. Morlock13.1 Aspects of Inherent Limitations of DART-MS 31313.1.1 Gas Settings 31413.1.1.1 Type of Gas 31413.1.1.2 Gas Temperature 31413.1.1.3 Gas Flow Rate 31713.1.2 Voltage of Electrodes 31713.1.3 Sample Introduction and Positioning 31813.1.4 Detection System and Mass Range 31813.1.5 Matrix Effects and the Need for Chromatography 31913.1.6 Buffer and Salt Effects 32113.1.7 Sample Carrier and Solvent 32213.1.8 Humidity Effects 32213.1.9 Use of Isotopically Labeled Standards 32213.1.10 Dopant and Derivatization 32313.2 DART versus Other Ambient Ion Sources 32413.3 Prospects of DART-MS 32613.3.1 Automation and Miniaturized DART-MS 32613.3.2 Sample Preparation, Preconcentration, and Introduction 32713.3.3 Ion Focusing and Flexible Ion Transportation 32713.3.4 Quantitative Surface Scanning and Imaging by DART-MS 32813.3.5 Hyphenation of Effect-Directed Analysis and DART-MS 33113.3.6 Thermal Separations by Temperature Gradients 33113.3.7 Aerosol, in situ and in stillo Chemical Reaction and Kinetic Monitoring 33213.3.8 High Resolution and Data Analysis 33213.4 Concluding Remarks 333References 333Index 345