Drinking Water Treatment Focusing on Appropriate Technology and Sustainability by Chittaranjan Ray, Ravi Jain , Springer

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Springer Drinking Water Treatment Focusing on Appropriate Technology and Sustainability by Chittaranjan Ray, Ravi Jain

Sustainable technologies for water supply are urgently needed if water has to be supplied to billions of less fortunate people with inadequate access to water. These technologies must be simple, less expensive, less energy intensive, and easy to maintain for their adaptation among the poor masses. _x000D__x000D__x000D__x000D_Four appropriate technologies are discussed here: solar pasteurization, membrane desalination, natural filtration (riverbank filtration), and solar distillation. Solar pasteurization can be a useful means of producing water at remote, but sunny locations where fuel may not be easily available for boiling water. Membrane desalination will remain as a viable means of drinking water production for individual households to large communities. Various membrane filtration techniques as well as the means to "democratize" membrane filtration have been presented. Riverbank filtration is a "natural" filtration technique where drinking water is produced by placing wells on the banks of rivers. The riverbed/bank material and the underlying aquifer act as natural filters to remove pollutants from river water. Solar distillation can be a viable method of drinking water production for individual households to small communities without the input of external energy. Sustainability framework and technology transfer are discussed through transdisciplinary analysis._x000D_ Table of contents : - _x000D_ 1. INTRODUCTION - Chittaranjan Ray and Ravi Jain_x000D_ _x000D_ 1.1 Nature and Extent of the Problem _x000D_ _x000D_ 1.2 Water Contaminants _x000D_ _x000D_ 1.3 Topics Covered _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 2. DRINKING WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - Chittaranjan Ray and Ravi Jain_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.1 Introduction_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.2 Natural Filtration _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.3 Riverbank Filtration_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.4 Slow Sand Filtration _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.5 Membrane Filtration_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.6 Solar Distillation_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.7 Solar Pasteurization _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.8 Technology Development Challenges_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.9 Technological Implementation-Case Studies_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 3. SOLAR PASTEURIZATION - Ed Pejack_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.1 Microbiology of Water Pasteurization _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.2 Use of Solar Cookers for Drinking Water Production _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.3 Devices Designed Specifically for Water _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.4 Simple devices from common materials _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.5 Commercial Devices in Production_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.6 Devices with Recovery Heat Exchange _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.7 Water Pasteurization Indicators _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.8 Multi-Use Systems_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.9 Summary _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 4. MEMBRANE DESALINATION - Kishore Rajagopalan_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.1 Desalination Technologies _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.2 Thermal Desalination Technologies _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.3 Membrane Processes _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.5 Global Growth of Membrane Desalination_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.6 Desalination Environment Interactions _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.7 Mitigation of Environmental Impacts _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.8 Membrane-Based Desalination at the Small and Medium Scale_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.9 Integrated Approaches_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.10 Conclusions _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.11 References _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 5. BANK FILTRATION AS NATURAL FILTRATION - Chittaranjan Ray, Jay Jasperse, and Thomas Grischek_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.1 Introduction_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.2 Natural Filtration's Implications for Sustainability_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.3 How Does It Work?_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.4 Regulatory Perspective_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.5 Key Planning Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.6 Site Characterization _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.7 Design Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.8 Operational Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.9 How Well Does It Work?_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.10 Performance Assessment of RBF Systems _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.11 Areas of Future Study and Technology Development _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.12 Implementation, Challenges, Strategies _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 6. SOLAR DISTILLATION - Rahul Dev and G.N. Tiwari_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.1 Introduction _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.2 Water characterization_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.3 Solar Distillation: Basic Principle _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.4 Historical Background: Evaluation Process of Solar Stills_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.5 Broad Classification of Solar Still _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.6 Various Methods of Fixing the Glass Cover onto the Solar Still Walls_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.7 Heat Transfer and Thermal Modeling _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.8 Thermal Analysis: Development of Energy Balance Equations _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.10 Comparison of distillate yield for different active solar stills _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.11 Effect of Various Parameters _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.12 Cost, Energy and Exergy Issues Related to Water Production Through Solar Stills_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.13 CO2 Emission, CO2 Mitigation and Carbon Credit Earned _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.14 Technology Transfer _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.15 Challenges in Adoption_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 7. TRANSDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS - Ravi Jain_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.1 Sustainability Concepts and Differing Views_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.2 Industrial Practices: Suggested Options_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.3 Sustainability of Technology in Developing Countries _x000D_ _x000D_ 7.4 Sustainability Framework _x000D_ _x000D_ 7.5 Technology Transfer and Implementation _x000D_ _x000D_ 1.1 Nature and Extent of the Problem _x000D_ _x000D_ 1.2 Water Contaminants _x000D_ _x000D_ 1.3 Topics Covered _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 2. DRINKING WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - Chittaranjan Ray and Ravi Jain_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.1 Introduction_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.2 Natural Filtration _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.3 Riverbank Filtration_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.4 Slow Sand Filtration _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.5 Membrane Filtration_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.6 Solar Distillation_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.7 Solar Pasteurization _x000D_ _x000D_ 2.8 Technology Development Challenges_x000D_ _x000D_ 2.9 Technological Implementation-Case Studies_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 3. SOLAR PASTEURIZATION - Ed Pejack_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.1 Microbiology of Water Pasteurization _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.2 Use of Solar Cookers for Drinking Water Production _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.3 Devices Designed Specifically for Water _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.4 Simple devices from common materials _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.5 Commercial Devices in Production_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.6 Devices with Recovery Heat Exchange _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.7 Water Pasteurization Indicators _x000D_ _x000D_ 3.8 Multi-Use Systems_x000D_ _x000D_ 3.9 Summary _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 4. MEMBRANE DESALINATION - Kishore Rajagopalan_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.1 Desalination Technologies _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.2 Thermal Desalination Technologies _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.3 Membrane Processes _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.5 Global Growth of Membrane Desalination_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.6 Desalination Environment Interactions _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.7 Mitigation of Environmental Impacts _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.8 Membrane-Based Desalination at the Small and Medium Scale_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.9 Integrated Approaches_x000D_ _x000D_ 4.10 Conclusions _x000D_ _x000D_ 4.11 References _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 5. BANK FILTRATION AS NATURAL FILTRATION - Chittaranjan Ray, Jay Jasperse, and Thomas Grischek_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.1 Introduction_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.2 Natural Filtration's Implications for Sustainability_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.3 How Does It Work?_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.4 Regulatory Perspective_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.5 Key Planning Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.6 Site Characterization _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.7 Design Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.8 Operational Considerations_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.9 How Well Does It Work?_x000D_ _x000D_ 5.10 Performance Assessment of RBF Systems _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.11 Areas of Future Study and Technology Development _x000D_ _x000D_ 5.12 Implementation, Challenges, Strategies _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 6. SOLAR DISTILLATION - Rahul Dev and G.N. Tiwari_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.1 Introduction _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.2 Water characterization_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.3 Solar Distillation: Basic Principle _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.4 Historical Background: Evaluation Process of Solar Stills_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.5 Broad Classification of Solar Still _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.6 Various Methods of Fixing the Glass Cover onto the Solar Still Walls_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.7 Heat Transfer and Thermal Modeling _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.8 Thermal Analysis: Development of Energy Balance Equations _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.10 Comparison of distillate yield for different active solar stills _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.11 Effect of Various Parameters _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.12 Cost, Energy and Exergy Issues Related to Water Production Through Solar Stills_x000D_ _x000D_ 6.13 CO2 Emission, CO2 Mitigation and Carbon Credit Earned _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.14 Technology Transfer _x000D_ _x000D_ 6.15 Challenges in Adoption_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ 7. TRANSDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS - Ravi Jain_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.1 Sustainability Concepts and Differing Views_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.2 Industrial Practices: Suggested Options_x000D_ _x000D_ 7.3 Sustainability of Technology in Developing Countries _x000D_ _x000D_ 7.4 Sustainability Framework _x000D_ _x000D_ 7.5 Technology Transfer and Implementation_x000D_