Contributors v
Preface to the Second Edition vii
Preface to the First Edition ix
1. CELL
1. Cell 2
2. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
2. Intercellular Connection and Communication 10
3. Transport Across Cell Membrane 11
4. Membrane Potential 20
5. Homeostasis 27
3. MUSCLES
6. Skeletal Muscle 32
7. Neuromuscular Junction 43
8. Smooth Muscle 45
4. BLOOD
9. Composition and Functions 50
10. Plasma Proteins 51
11. Blood Volume 52
12. Red Blood Corpuscles 54
13. Hemoglobin 61
14. The Leukocytes 64
15. Reticuloendothelial System 70
16. Blood Groups 71
17. Immunity 74
18. Platelets 80
19. Blood Coagulation 83
5. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (GIT)
20. Organization of GIT 88
21. Secretions of GIT 94
22. Movements of Gastrointestinal Tract or GI Motility 103
23. Experimental Evidences in Gastrointestinal Tract 111
24. Pancreas 112
25. Liver 114
26. Digestion and Absorption 121
27. GI Hormones 127
Contents
xii Textbook of Physiology
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
28. Cardiovascular System 132
29. Structure of the Cardiac Muscle 134
30. Properties of the Cardiac Muscle and Conducting System of Heart 136
31. Cardiac Cycle 142
32. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 149
33. Cardiac Output 156
34. Heart Rate 161
35. Hemodynamics (Pressure, Flow and Resistance) 164
36. Arterial Pulse and Venous Pulse 166
37. Blood Pressure 168
38. Circulatory System 174
39. The Blood Circulation 176
40. Shock 188
41. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise 190
7. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
42. Respiratory Physiology 192
43. Pulmonary Circulation 196
44. Pulmonary Ventilation 199
45. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities 204
46. Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio 206
47. Diffusion of Gases in the Lungs 208
48. Transport of Carbon Dioxide 210
49. Transport of Oxygen 212
50. Regulation of Respiration 214
51. Chemical Regulation 217
52. Respiratory Adjustment during Sleep 220
53. Respiratory Insufficiency 222
54. Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy 223
55. High Altitude and Space Physiology 225
56. Deep Sea Physiology 227
57. Aviation Physiology 229
58. Artificial Respiration 231
8. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
59. The Body Fluid Compartments 234
60. Structure and Functions of Kidney 236
61. Formation of Urine—Glomerular Filtration 242
62. Formation of Urine—Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 247
63. Concentration and Dilution of Urine 251
64. Control of ECF Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 254
65. Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and ECF Volume 255
66. Micturition 256
67. Diuretics 258
Contents xiii
68. Applied Aspects 259
69. Dialysis /Artificial Kidney 260
70. Renal Function Tests 262
71. Acid–Base Homeostasis 263
72. The Skin and its Appendages 269
73. Body Temperature and its Regulation 270
9. ENDOCRINOLOGY
74. Introduction 274
75. Endocrine Pancreas 282
76. Pituitary Gland 296
77. Thyroid Gland 311
78. Adrenal Glands 328
79. Local Hormones 342
80. Miscellaneous Hormones 343
10. REPRODUCTION
81. Introduction 348
82. Determination of Sex 348
83. Sex Chromatin (Barr Body) 349
84. Development of Reproductive System 349
85. Aberrant Sexual Differentiation 350
86. Puberty 351
87. Menopause 352
88. Structure of Male Reproductive System 353
89. Structure of Female Reproductive System 361
90. Genetic Defects 367
91. Ovarian Hormones 368
92. Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation 371
11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
93. Introduction to Nervous System 392
94. Neuron 394
95. Neuroglia 397
96. Nerve Fibers 398
97. Synapse 402
98. Neurotransmitters 407
99. Reflex Action 409
100. Receptors 413
101. Physiology of Pain 416
102. The Spinal Cord 419
103. Internal Capsule 420
104. Basal Ganglia 433
105. Cerebellum 436
106. Thalamus 441
107. Hypothalamus 444
xiv Textbook of Physiology
108. Cerebral Cortex 447
109. Reticular Formation 454
110. Limbic System 456
111. Sleep 457
112. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 460
113. Proprioceptors 462
114. Posture and Equilibrium 467
115. Vestibular Apparatus 469
116. Higher Functions of the Nervous System 472
117. Cerebrospinal Fluid 477
118. Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) 479
119. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 480
12. SPECIAL SENSES
120. Vision 486
121. Sense of Hearing 501
122. Smell—Olfaction 512
123. Taste 516
Index 519