Description
Taylor & Francis Ltd Essentials Of Human Physiology For Pharmacy 2Nd Edition 2008 by Laurie Kelly McCorry
A firm grasp of the functions of living organisms is one of the most important prerequisites to pharmacy study. The long-awaited second edition of Essentials of Human Physiology presents concepts in physiology in a way that prepares students for their subsequent study of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapeutics. Thoroughly revised and updated, this text maintains the clarity of the first edition, yet provides important new information to give students a solid grounding in some of the most important aspects of pharmacy. As with the first edition, the book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of cell membrane physiology with particular emphasis on nerve cell function. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the two major regulatory systems in the body: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The book then continues with in-depth presentations of the reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems. An important focus throughout the text is how tissue and organ function are regulated in order to maintain homeostasis. New in This Edition: * All 19 chapters updated and expanded * Revised and additional subsections of pharmacy applications * New sections on medical terms with pronunciations and definitions * New chapters on the reproductive and immune systems * Additional figures and tables to clarify information . This book was written by Laurie Kelly McCorry, a professor of physiology for eighteen years. Using simple, straightforward language, the text presents the science of physiology clearly so that undergraduate students will understand the relevance of these concepts as they relate to the practice of pharmacy. By studying and mastering the principles in this text, students will develop a secure foundation in human physiology so that they are better equipped to meet the challenges in their pharmacy career. PHYSIOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASISStudy ObjectivesIntroductionHomeostasisNegative feedbackPositive feedbackMedical terminologyBibliographyPLASMA MEMBRANEStudy objectivesIntroductionStructure and function of the plasma membraneMembrane transport Passive diffusion through the membrane Osmosis Mediated transport Medical terminology Bibliography MEMBRANE POTENTIALStudy objectives Introduction Development of the resting membrane potentialMedical terminologyBibliographyELECTRICAL SIGNALSStudy objectivesIntroductionGraded potentialsAction potentialsConduction of the action potentialMedical terminology BibliographySYNAPTIC TRANSMISSIONStudy objectives Introduction Chemical synapses SummationInterconnections between neuronsFactors affecting synaptic transmissionAltered releaseAltered interaction of a neurotransmitter withits receptorAltered removal of a neurotransmitter from thesynaptic cleftReplacement of a deficient neurotransmitterMedical terminologyBibliography THE NERVOUS SYSTEMStudy objectivesIntroductionClasses of neuronsMajor levels of central nervous system (CNS) functionThe brainCerebrumFunctional regions of the cerebral cortex Basal gangliaThalamusHypothalamus BrainstemCerebellumGlial cells Blood-brain barrierCerebrospinal fluidMedical terminology BibliographyTHE SPINAL CORDStudy objectivesIntroductionFunctions of the spinal cordComposition of the spinal cordGray matterWhite matterAscending tractsDescending tractsSpinal reflexesWithdrawal reflexCrossed-extensor reflexMedical terminologyBibliography PAINStudy objectivesIntroductionNociceptorsFast pain and slow painHyperalgesiaNeurotransmitters of the nociceptive afferent fibersPain pathwayEndogenous analgesic systemGate control theoryCutaneous pain Deep somatic pain Tissue ischemia Muscle spasm Visceral pain Referred pain Phantom pain Pharmacologic treatment of pain Nonnarcotic analgesics Opioid analgesics Adjuvant analgesics Medical terminology Bibliography The AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMStudy objectives Introduction Regulation of autonomic nervous system activity Efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system Divisions of the autonomic nervous system Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system Termination of neurotransmitter activity Receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters Functions of the autonomic nervous systemAdrenal medulla Medical terminology Bibliography THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMStudy objectives Introduction Biochemical classification of hormones Transport of hormones Hormone elimination Functional classification of hormones Hormone interactions Mechanisms of hormone action The pituitary gland Relationship between the hypothalamus and thepituitary gland Negative feedback control of hormone release Hormones of the neurohypophysis Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin Hormones of the adenohypophysis Gonadotropins Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Adrenal androgens Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Medical terminology Bibliography THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMStudy objectives Introduction Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Male reproductive system Testes Epididymides Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Penis Prostate Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral glands Testosterone Female reproductive system Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Ovarian cycle Follicular phase Luteal phase Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle Medical terminology Bibliography SKELETAL MUSCLEStudy objectives Introduction Muscle tension and movement Isometric versus isotonic contraction Structure of skeletal muscle Sarcomeres Thick filaments Thin filaments Neuromuscular junction Mechanism of contraction Sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction Muscle fatigue Oxygen debt Types of muscle fibers Muscle mechanics Number of muscle fibers contracting Amount of tension developed by each contractingmuscle fiber Medical terminology Bibliography Smooth muscleStudy objectives Introduction Structure of smooth muscle Calcium and the mechanism of contractionSmooth muscle contraction is slow and prolongedTypes of smooth muscleFactors influencing the contractile activity of smooth muscleLength-tension relationshipHyperplasiaMedical terminologyBibliographyCARDIAC PHYSIOLOGYStudy objectives Introduction Functional anatomy of the heart Myocardial wall Electrical activity of the heartElectrocardiogramCardiac cycleVentricular fillingIsovolumetric contractionEjection Isovolumetric relaxation Medical terminology BibliographyCARDIAC OUTPUTStudy objectivesIntroductionControl of heart rate Control of stroke volume Effect of exercise on cardiac output Medical terminology Bibliography THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMStudy objectives IntroductionThe blood vessels Blood pressure throughout the systemic circulationBlood flow through a vesselRegulation of arterial pressureAutonomic nervous system Vasomotor center BaroreceptorsChemoreceptorsLow-pressure receptorsVasoactive substancesVasoconstrictors Vasodilators Venous returnBlood volume Sympathetic stimulation of the veins Skeletal muscle activity Respiratory activity Effects of gravity on the circulatory system Regulation of blood flow through tissuesActive hyperemiaAutoregulation Effects of acute exercise on the circulatory system Capillary exchangeMedical terminologyBibliographyBLOOD AND HEMOSTASISStudy objectivesIntroductionPlasmaErythrocytes Blood types Leukocytes Platelets Hemostasis Vascular constriction Formation of a platelet plug Blood coagulationPositive feedback nature of clot formation Clot dissolution Prevention of blood clotting and platelet aggregation inthe normal vascular systemMedical terminologyBibliographyTHE IMMUNE SYSTEMStudy objectivesIntroductionAgents of infectious diseaseEffector cells of the immune systemImmune responsesInnate immune systemInflammationDefense by tissue macrophagesLocalized vasodilationIncreased capillary permeabilityLocalized edemaWalling off of the inflamed area Infiltration of phagocytes Opsonization Phagocytosis Interferon Natural killer cells Complement system Adaptive immune system Antibody-mediated immunity Classification of antibodies Structure of antibodies Actions of antibodies Clonal selection theory Primary versus secondary responses Active versus passive immunity Cell-mediated immunity Types of T cellsActions of T cells MHC molecules Medical terminology Bibliography THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMStudy objectives IntroductionBlood-gas interfaceAirways Epithelium Cartilage The pleuraMechanics of breathingThoracic volumeInspirationExpirationLung volumePulmonary pressuresElastic behavior of the lungs InterdependenceAirway resistanceLung volumeAirway obstructionBronchial smooth muscle toneVentilationStandard lung volumesTotal ventilationAlveolar ventilationDead spaceDiffusionPartial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxideVentilation-perfusion matchingGas transport in the blood Transport of oxygenFactors affecting the transport of oxygenTransport of carbon dioxideRegulation of ventilationChemoreceptor response to decreased arterial PO Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial PCOChemoreceptor response to increased arterialhydrogen ion concentration Ventilatory response to exercise Medical terminology Bibliography THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMStudy objectives Introduction The digestive tract wallMucosaSubmucosaMuscularis externaSerosa Regulation of gastrointestinal function Intrinsic nerve plexusesExtrinsic autonomic nervesGastrointestinal hormones Mouth PharynxEsophagusStomachGastric motilityGastric secretionLiver Gallbladder Pancreas Transport of bile and pancreatic juice to the small intestine Small intestine Motility of the small intestine Digestion and absorption in the small intestine CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsWater and electrolytes Large intestine Motility of the large intestineSecretion of the large intestineMedical terminologyBibliographyTHE RENAL SYSTEMStudy objectivesIntroductionFunctional anatomy of the kidneysVascular componentTubular component Basic renal processes Glomerular filtration Filtration barrier Determinants of filtration Tubular reabsorption Sodium reabsorption Chloride reabsorptionWater reabsorptionProduction of urine of varying concentrations Vasa rectaTubular secretionPotassium ion secretionHydrogen ion secretionPlasma clearanceRenal blood flowAutoregulationMyogenic mechanismTubuloglomerular feedbackResistance of the afferent arterioleSympathetic nervesAngiotensin IIProstaglandinsControl of sodium excretion: regulation of plasma volumeControl of water excretion: regulation of plasma osmolarityMedical terminologyBibliographyINDEXshow more