Description
Springer Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Diseases 1st Editon 2012 Softbound by Iwao Honjo
For more than three decades the methods for assessing cell pro liferation have been largely the preserve of experimental biologists, and in their hands such techniques have contributed greatly to our understanding of the dynamic organisation of normal and patho logical tissues. In recent years, with the advent of novel method ologies, there has been increased interest among both pathologists and clinicians, particularly oncologists and others interested in neoplasia, in assessing cell proliferation. This interest has been stimulated by the possibility that indices of cell proliferation may have direct clinical relevance, for example in being useful predictors of outcome in patients with certain forms of malignancy. In addi tion, interest in assessing cell proliferation has been fuelled by the tremendous advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of cell proliferation and their deregulation in pathological processes. Consequently, the time is ripe for a monograph critically reviewing the available methods for assessing cell proliferation, their potential and their problems. We have been particularly concerned to present a balanced view of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods currently available for assessing cell proliferation. The assessment of cell proliferation often requires some familiarity with mathematical methods, but in this book we have attempted to keep detailed mathematical analyses to a minimum. We have asked exponents of each of the well-recognised methods to critically review the tech niques and the ways in which they may be applied to clinical mate rial. 1 Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle.- Mitosis-Promoting Factor.- The cdc2 Gene.- Histone H1 Kinase.- Activation of Mitosis-Promoting Factor.- Exit from Mitosis.- Cell Cycle Initiation.- Conclusion.- 2 Growth Factors, Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes.- Growth Factors and Growth Factor Receptors.- Cytoplasmic Signal Transduction Pathways.- Immediate Early Genes.- Steroid Receptors.- Tumour Suppressor Genes.- Conclusion.- 3 The Kinetic Organisation of Tissues.- The General Organisation of Tissues.- Evidence for the Existence of Stem Cells.- Regulation of Stem Cells and the Lineages Derived from Them.- Do Stem Cells Exist in Conditional Renewal Tissues?.- Cellular Heterogeneity in Tumours.- Conclusion.- 4 Basic Methods for Assessing Cellular Proliferation.- State Measurements.- Rate Measurements.- Conclusion.- 5 Mitosis Counting.- Mitosis Counting - Methods.- Mitosis Counting - Applications.- Mitosis Counting - Advantages.- Mitosis Counting - Limitations.- Conclusion.- 6 Flow Cytometry.- DNA Flow Cytometry.- Multiparameter Flow Cytometry.- Conclusion.- 7 Measurement of Cell Proliferation Using Bromodeoxyuridine.- Flow Cytometric Methods.- Intra- and Inter-Tumour Heterogeneity.- Immunohistochemical Localisation of BUdR.- Clinical Correlations.- Conclusion.- 8 The Application of Immunohistochemistry in Assessment of Cellular Proliferation.- Cell Cycle Associated Antigens.- Markers of Quiescent and non-Proliferating Cells.- Markers of Transition from the Quiescent to the Proliferative State.- Quantification and Interpretation of Results.- Conclusion.- 9 Nucleolar Organiser Regions.- Nucleolar Organiser Regions and Nucleoli.- Argyrophilic NORs.- Demonstration of NORs.- Enumeration of AgNORs.- Assessment of AgNORs in Interphase Nuclei.- AgNOR Number per Nucleus.- AgNOR Area.- AgNOR Assessment by Image Analysis.- Significance of High AgNOR Counts.- Applications in Histopathology.- Conclusion.- 10 Clinical Aspects of Assessing Cell Proliferation.- Methods Used to Assess Cell Proliferation.- Clinical Applications.- Conclusion.- 11 Cell Proliferation and the Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy.- Evolution of the Principles.- The Principles in Practice.- New Approaches to Estimating Resistance and Growth Rates.- Conclusion.