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Humana Press Human Airway Inflammation Sampling Techniques and Analytical Protocols 1st Editon 2014 Softbound by Duncan F. Rogers, Louise E. Donnelly
Rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain) are the classical signs of inflammation. These features are obvious in the skin, where injury or disease causes flare, wheal, and painful burning sensations. Vasodi- tation underlies the flare and heat, plasma exudation the swelling, and acti- tion of sensory nerves relays pain. In chronic conditions, skin biopsies show inflammatory cell infiltrate. Inflammation is not unique to the skin and contr- utes to disease and repair processes in other organ systems in the body. From the viewpoint of this volume, lung inflammation is now recognized as central to the pathophysiology of a number of severe respiratory conditions, the two most common being asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In asthma, and to a lesser extent COPD, there is evidence of vasodilatation, with congestion of blood vessels accompanied by reddening of the airway mucosa, and of plasma exudation, leading to swelling of the airway wall. Similarly, although less pronounced than in the skin, there is evidence of pain, for example, the - pleasant chest sensations associated with asthma attacks. Understanding the pat- genesis of airway inflammation will enable rational design of drugs to effectively treat conditions such as asthma and COPD. However, whereas immediate access to the skin facilitates investigation of disease processes, the lung, although “open to atmosphere,” is much less accessible. Consequently, the investigation of lung inflammation is usually indirect. Thus, a wide variety of research techniques are used. Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Asthma.- Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Asthma.- Sample Collection.- Biopsy Techniques.- Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL).- Nasal Secretions and Exudations.- Sample Collection.- Induced Sputum.- Induced Sputum.- Measurement of Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide.- Measurement of Exhaled Hydrocarbons.- Breath Condensate as a Vehicle for Collection of Inflammatory Mediators, Especially Hydrogen Peroxide.- Cell Isolation and Culture.- Airway Epithelial Cells (Primaries vs Cell Lines).- Isolation and Culture of Human Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes.- Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells.- Isolation and Culture of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells.- Isolation and Purification of Human Mast Cells and Basophils.- Neutrophils.- Macrophages.- Collection, Separation, and Activation of Human T Lymphocytes.- Eosinophils.- Gene Expression/Regulation.- Analysis of Gene Expression.- Analysis of Gene Expression.- The Technique of In Situ Hybridization.- Measurement of Airway Mucin Gene Expression.- Transcription Factors and Inflammatory Gene Regulation.- Mediators.- Inflammatory Mediators in Spontaneously Produced Sputum.- Flow Cytometry.- Measurement of Granulocyte Pharmacodynamics in Whole Blood by Flow Cytometry.- Current In Vitro Models of Leukocyte Migration.- Tracing Intracellular Mediator Storage and Mobilization in Eosinophils.- Measurement of Metalloproteinases.- Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry.- The Measurement of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Urine.- Quantitative Analysis of Cyclooxygenase Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid.- Quantitative Analysis of F2 Isoprostanes.