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JOHN WILEY Industrial Chemistry Of Oxides For Emerging Applications 2018 Edition by Lech Pawlowski, Philippe Blanchart
Valuable insights into the extraction, production, and properties of a large number of natural and synthetic oxides utilized in applications worldwide from ceramics, electronic components, and coatingsThis handbook describes each of the major oxides chronologically-starting from the processes of extraction of ores containing oxides, their purification and transformations into pure alloyed powders, and their appropriate characterization up to the processes of formation of 2D films by such methods as PVD, CVD, and coatings by thermal spraying or complicated 3D objects by sintering and rapid prototyping. The selection of oxides has been guided by the current context of industrial applications. An important point that is considered in the book concerns the strategic aspects of oxides. Some oxides (e.g. rare earth ones) become more expensive due to the growing demand for them, others, because of the strategic importance of countries producing raw materials and the countries that are using them.Industrial Chemistry of Oxides for Emerging Applications provides readers with everything they need to know in 7 chapters that cover: technical and economical importance of oxides in present and future; fundamentals of oxides manufacturing; extraction, properties, and applications of Al2O3; extraction, properties, and applications of ZrO2; synthesis, properties, and applications of YBaCu2O7x; extraction, properties, and applications of TiO2; and synthesis, properties, and application of hydroxyapatite. Presents the extraction, production, and properties of a large fraction of oxides applications worldwide, both natural as well as synthetic multi?oxidesCovers a very important segment of many industrial processes, such as refractories and piezoelectric oxides-both applications constituting very large market segmentsDeveloped from a lecture course given by the authors for over a decadeIndustrial Chemistry of Oxides for Emerging Applications is an excellent text for university professors and teachers, and graduate and postgraduate students with a solid background in physics and chemistry. Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbbreviations and Symbols xix1 Technical and Economic Importance of Oxides 1Lech Pawowski1.1 Industrial Sectors in Development 11.1.1 Mechanical Applications of Oxides 11.1.1.1 Al2O3 31.1.1.2 ZrO2 31.1.2 Application of Oxides in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 41.1.3 Oxides for High-temperature Applications 71.1.4 Biomedical applications of oxides 91.2 Reserves, Availability and Economic Aspects of Oxides and their Ores 101.2.1 Al2O3 101.2.2 ZrO2 111.2.3 TiO2 121.2.4 Rare earth oxides: Y2O3 and CeO2 131.2.5 BaO 171.2.6 Cu2O 171.2.7 CaO 181.2.8 P2O5 19References 202 Fundamentals of Oxide Manufacturing 25Lech Paw(3)owski2.1 Introduction 252.1.1 Principal Manufacturing Processes 252.1.2 Oxide Powders 272.1.3 Major Phenomena in Manufacturing 272.2 Fundamentals of Selected Processes related to Oxide Manufacturing 282.2.1 Introduction 282.2.2 Fundamentals of Reactions in Gaseous Phase 282.2.2.1 Types of Reaction 282.2.2.2 Thermodynamic Calculations 292.2.2.3 Gas in Motion 302.2.2.4 Thermodynamics of Condensation 342.2.3 Fundamental Phenomena in Solutions 362.2.3.1 Introduction 362.2.3.2 Diffusion 362.2.3.3 Brownian Motion and Stokes' Law 372.2.4 Fundamental Phenomena in Suspensions 382.2.4.1 Introduction 382.2.4.2 Forces and Energies in Suspension 392.2.4.3 Characterization of Suspensions 432.2.4.4 Gelation 472.2.5 Characterization of Powders 482.2.5.1 Size and Shape 482.2.5.2 Chemical and Phase Composition 492.2.5.3 External and InternalMorphology 532.2.5.4 Apparent Density and Flowability 532.3 Selected Oxide Powder Production Methods 542.3.1 Introduction 542.3.2 Granulation of Powders 552.3.2.1 Direct Granulation 552.3.2.2 Spray Drying 562.3.3 High-temperature Synthesis of Powders 602.3.3.1 Sintering and Melting 602.3.3.2 Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis 612.3.3.3 Mechanofusion 632.3.4 Synthesis of Powders from Solutions 632.3.4.1 Sol-Gel 642.3.4.2 Synthesis by Reaction of Liquids (Wet Precipitation) 642.3.5 Powder Synthesis by CVD 642.4 Manufacturing Objects in 2D: Films and Coatings 702.4.1 Introduction 702.4.2 Chemical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 712.4.2.1 Sol-Gel 712.4.2.2 Electrolytic anodization 742.4.3 Physical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 762.4.3.1 CVD Methods 762.4.3.2 PVD Methods 792.4.4 Methods of Coating Deposition 862.4.4.1 Thermal Spraying 862.4.4.2 Bulk Coatings Methods 962.5 Manufacturing Objects in 3D 1022.5.1 Introduction 1022.5.2 Forming 1032.5.3 Sintering 1062.5.4 Rapid Prototyping 1143 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Alumina 125Lech Paw(3)owski3.1 Introduction 1253.2 Reserves of Bauxite and Mining 1253.3 Methods of Obtaining Alumina 1273.3.1 Bayer Process 1273.3.1.1 Chemical Backgrounds 1283.3.1.2 Technology of the Bayer Process 1283.3.1.3 Waste Management 1303.3.2 Pure Alumina Powder Synthesis 1313.3.3 Alumina Recovery from Coal Ashes 1323.3.3.1 Sintering Process 1343.3.3.2 Leaching Process 1353.4 Properties of Alumina 1353.4.1 Thermodynamical and Chemical Properties of Monocristalline Alumina 1373.4.2 Properties of Alumina 1373.4.2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Alumina 1383.4.2.2 Self-diffusion Data of Alumina 1393.4.2.3 Electrical Properties of Alumina 1393.4.2.4 Dielectric Properties of Alumina 1403.4.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Alumina 1423.5 Methods of Alumina Functionalizing 1453.5.1 Introduction 1453.5.2 Alumina in 2D: Films and Coatings 1453.5.2.1 Chemical Methods of Alumina Film Deposition 1453.5.2.2 Atomistic Methods of Alumina Films Deposition 1463.5.2.3 Granular Methods of Alumina Coating Deposition 1473.5.3 Alumina in 3D 1473.5.3.1 Forming 1473.5.3.2 Sintering 1473.5.3.3 Laser Machining 1493.6 Applications of Alumina in Different Industries 1503.6.1 Mechanical Engineering 1503.6.1.1 Thread Guides in Textile Industries 1503.6.1.2 Armor 1513.6.1.3 Cutting Tools 1513.6.2 Electronic and Electrical Applications 1523.6.2.1 Substrates for Microelectronics 1533.6.2.2 Corona Rolls 1533.6.3 Biomedical 1543.6.3.1 Hip Prosthesis 1543.6.3.2 Dental Prostheses 1553.6.3.3 Other Biomedical Applications 1553.6.4 Chemical and Thermal Industries 1553.6.4.1 Catalyst Supports 1563.6.4.2 Heat Exchanger 1563.6.5 Emerging Applications 156Questions 157References 1584 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Zirconia 165Philippe Blanchart4.1 Introduction 1654.2 World Reserves of Ores and Mining Industry 1654.3 Metallurgy of Zirconia 1674.3.1 Chlorination andThermal Decomposition 1674.3.2 Alkaline Oxide Decomposition 1684.3.3 Lime Fusion 1684.3.4 Thermal Decomposition of Zircon in a Plasma 1684.4 Properties of Zirconia 1694.4.1 Monocrystal 1694.4.2 Partially and Fully Stabilized Zirconia Powders 1704.4.3 Binary System ZrO2-MgO 1714.4.4 Binary System ZrO2-CaO 1724.4.5 Binary System ZrO2-Y2O3 1734.4.6 Binary system ZrO2-CeO2 1744.5 Physical Properties of Zirconia 1754.5.1 Dilatation Coefficient with Temperature 1754.5.2 Ionic Conductivity 1764.5.3 Mechanical Properties and Toughness 1774.5.4 Corrosion Resistance inWater Environment 1794.5.5 Zirconia Composite Ceramics 1814.6 Ceramic Sintering 1824.6.1 Zirconia Sintering 1824.6.2 Sintering of Alumina-Zirconia Composite Ceramics: 1864.7 Industrial Applications of Zirconia 1894.7.1 Biomedical 1894.7.2 Solid Electrolyte 1944.7.3 Zirconia Sensor 1974.7.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings 1994.8 Future Trends of Zirconia Materials 204Questions 206References 2065 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of YBa2Cu3O7 x 211Lech Paw(3)owski5.1 Introduction 2115.2 Phase Diagram 2125.3 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7 x Powder Manufacturing 2135.3.1 Reactive Sintering 2145.3.2 Synthesis of Powder from Solutions 2155.3.2.1 Sol-gel 2155.3.2.2 Wet PrecipitationMethods 2155.3.2.3 Freeze-dryingMethod 2165.4 Superconductivity of YBa2Cu3O7 x 2165.4.1 Fundamentals of Superconductivity 2175.4.2 High-temperature Superconductors 2205.5 Properties of YBCO 2215.6 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7 x Functionalizing 2215.6.1 Introduction 2215.6.2 YBCO in 2D: Films and Coatings 2215.6.2.1 Thin Films 2225.6.2.2 Thick Coatings byThermal Spraying 2295.6.3 YBCO in 3D 2325.6.3.1 Manufacturing ofWires 2355.6.3.2 Manufacturing of Discs, Rings and Parallelepipeds 2355.7 Industrial Applications of YBa2Cu3O7 X 2395.7.1 Superconducting Cables 2395.7.2 Fault Current Limiter 2425.7.3 Magnetic Levitation Devices 2435.7.4 High-power Superconducting Synchronous Generators 2445.7.5 Magnetic Energy Storage Systems 2455.7.6 Superconducting Transformers 2465.7.7 YBCO Superconductors for Magnets in Tokamak Devices 2465.7.8 Other Applications 247References 2476 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Titania 255Philippe Blanchart6.1 Introduction 2556.2 World Reserves and Mining Industry 2556.3 Structural Characteristics of Titania 2596.3.1 Anatase 2596.3.2 Rutile 2596.3.3 Brookite 2606.3.4 TiOx phases 2616.3.5 Structural Transformation of Anatase to Rutile 2616.3.6 Synthesis of TiO2 2636.4 Properties of Titanium Dioxide 2656.4.1 General Physical Properties 2656.4.2 General Chemical Properties 2656.4.3 Structural Properties 2666.4.4 Defect Chemistry of TiO2 2686.4.5 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Phases 2696.4.6 Dielectric Properties vs. Microstructure of Ceramics 2726.4.7 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Films 2746.4.8 TiO2 Sintering 2766.4.9 TiO2 Coating Processing Methods 2796.4.10 Optical Properties ofThin Films 2826.4.11 Catalytic Properties 2846.5 Industrial Applications of Titania 2896.5.1 Titania Pigment 2896.5.2 Industrial Uses of TiO2 Pigments 2916.5.2.1 Vitreous Enamels on Steel and Aluminum 2916.5.2.2 Paints 2936.5.2.3 Paper 2946.5.2.4 Textiles 2956.5.3 Photocatalysts 2966.6 Future Perspectives 3006.6.1 Pigments 3006.6.2 Photocatalysis 3016.6.3 Solar Energy 3026.6.4 TiO2 Nanotubes 302Questions 303References 3037 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Hydroxyapatite 311Lech Paw(3)owski7.1 Introduction 3117.2 Phase Diagram 3117.3 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Powder Manufacturing 3137.3.1 Solid-state Synthesis 3157.3.2 Wet-route Methods 3167.3.2.1 Wet PrecipitationMethod 3177.3.2.2 Sol-Gel Method 3177.3.2.3 HA Synthesis by Atomization 3187.3.3 Powder Synthesis using Natural Precursors 3207.3.4 Synthesis of Nanopowders 3217.3.5 Composite Powder Synthesis 3227.4 Properties of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 3247.4.1 Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of HA 3247.4.2 Mechanical Properties of HA 3257.4.2.1 Single Crystals 3267.4.2.2 Coatings 3267.4.2.3 3D Objects 3267.4.2.4 Electric Properties 3287.4.3 Biochemical Properties 3287.5 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Functionalizing 3307.5.1 Introduction 3307.5.2 HA in 2D: Films and Coatings 3307.5.2.1 Physical Methods of Film and Coatings Deposition 3307.5.2.2 Chemical Methods of Film and Coating Deposition 3367.5.3 HA in 3D 3377.5.3.1 Conventional Sintering 3377.5.3.2 Activated Sintering 3387.6 Practical Applications of HA 3407.6.1 Medical Applications 3407.6.1.1 Hip Prostheses 3407.6.1.2 Knee Prostheses 3427.6.1.3 Dental Prostheses 3437.6.1.4 Possible Future Applications 3447.6.2 Catalysis 3457.6.3 Biosensors 3457.6.4 Other Possible Applications 345Questions 345References 346Answers to Questions 353Index 367