Description
Taylor & Francis Introduction To Liquid Crystals Chemistry And Physics Second Edition 2Nd Edition by Peter J. Collings
Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition relies on only introductory level chemistry and physics as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low-power, flat-panel display technology (LCDs). In this book, the essential elements of liquid crystal science are introduced and explained from the perspectives of both the chemist and physicist. This new edition relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science and is, therefore, ideal for students and recent graduates. Features Introduces and explains the essential elements of liquid crystal science, including discussion of how liquid crystals have been utilized for innovative and important applications. New to this edition are over 300 figures, 90 end-of chapter exercises, and an increased scope that includes recent developments.Combines the knowledge of two eminent scientists in the field; they have fully updated and expanded the text to cover undergraduate/graduate course work as well as current research in what is now a billion-dollar industry. Immerses the reader in the vocabulary, structures, data, and kinetic models, rapidly building up an understanding of the theories and models in current use.Begins with a historical account of the discovery of liquid crystals and continues with a description of how different phases are generated and how different molecular architectures affect liquid crystal properties. Chapter 1 Welcome to a Delicate and Special Phase of Matter1.1 PHASES OF MATTER 1.2 ORIENTATIONAL AND POSITIONAL ORDER 1.3 TYPES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS 1.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES 1.5 COMPLEX MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES1.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS 1.7 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEChapter 2 A Liquid Crystal - What is it? 2.1 FACE-TO-FACE WITH LIQUID CRYSTALS 2.2 POLYMORPHISM AND HEATS OF TRANSITION 2.3 MIXING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS 2.4 PERIODIC ORDER AND LENGTH SCALES IN 1D, 2D,AND 3D SYSTEMS 2.5 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS 2.6 DYNAMICS AND FLUCTUATIONS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS Chapter 3 Nature's Anisotropic Fluids - It's All About Direction3.1 ANISOTROPY3.2 TENSOR ALGEBRA3.3 ORDER PARAMETERS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT3.4 UNIAXIAL VS. BIAXIAL ORDER3.5 ELECTRIC AND OPTICAL ANISOTROPY3.6 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE3.7 CONTINUUM THEORY3.8 DISCLINATIONS AND DEFECTSChapter 4 Theoretical Insights - So Many Possibilities4.1 LANDAU-DEGENNES THEORY 4.2 MAIER-SAUPE THEORY 4.3 ONSAGER THEORY 4.4 EXTENSIONS TO THE SMECTIC PHASE4.5 PRETRANSITIONAL FLUCTUATIONS4.6 SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 4.7 DEFECT PHASES 4.8 SELF-ASSEMBLY THEORY Chapter 5 Calamitic Liquid Crystals - Rods, Kinks, and Molecular Design5.1 THE MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS OF CALAMITICLIQUID CRYSTALS5.2 SELF-ORGANIZATION VERSUS SELF-ASSEMBLY5.3 NANO- AND MICRO-PHASE SEGREGATION5.4 CALAMITIC LIQUID CRYSTALS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS5.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION 5.6 ASPECT RATIOS IN MOLECULAR DESIGN OF CALAMITICPHASES5.7 CONJUGATION, POLARIZABILITY, AND SUPRAMOLECULARASPECT RATIOS5.8 LATERAL INTERACTIONS AND BIAXIAL PHASES5.9 EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIOS AND LAYER FORMATION5.10 TILTING IN SMECTIC PHASES 173Chapter 6 Discotic Liquid Crystals - Stacking the Dishes and the Bowls 6.1 PILING UP THE PENNIES AND DISCOTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS6.2 STRUCTURES OF MESOPHASES FORMED BY DISK-LIKEMOLECULES6.3 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - HARD DISKS6.4 CHEMICAL MOEITY SELECTION - DISK PERIPHERY6.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - DISK THICKNESS6.6 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - CHANGING THE DISKLIKECORES6.7 DISCOTICS WITH CONNECTED DISKS6.8 DISCOTICS WITH DONUT RINGS6.9 DISCOTICS WITH BOWLIC CORES6.10 DISCOTIC SUPERMOLECULES WITH HYBRID COLUMNARAND CALAMITIC STRUCTURESChapter 7 Chiral Liquid Crystals - Twisted and Frustrated7.1 HANDED LIQUID CRYSTALS7.2 MOLECULAR ASYMMETRY AND DISSYMMETRY IN LIQUIDCRYSTALS7.3 OPTICAL PURITY AND ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS7.4 SYMMETRY BREAKING FOR LOCAL SPACE SYMMETRYAND FORM CHIRALITY7.5 HELICAL STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS LIQUID CRYSTALPHASES7.6 NON-HELICAL CHIRAL LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES7.7 CHIRAL MESOPHASES SUPPORTED BY THE FORMATIONOF DEFECTS7.8 CHIRALMESOPHASESANDCONGLOMERATESFORMEDBY ACHIRAL MATERIALS 7.9 CONNECTING LOCAL CHIRALITY TO MACROSCOPICCHIRALITYChapter 8 Bent-Core Liquid Crystals - It's Bananas8.1 MOLECULES OF UNCONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE8.2 BROKEN SYMMETRY IN BENT-CORE PHASES 8.3 THE BIAXIAL NEMATIC PHASE 8.4 THE B2 PHASE AND LAMELLAR SUB-PHASES 8.5 THE B1 PHASE AND ITS COLUMNAR SUB-PHASES 8.6 SPLAY AND MODULATED STRUCTURES IN B PHASES Chapter 9 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - Wet 'n' Dry 9.1 AMPHIPHILES AND LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS 9.2 AMPHIPHILES AND MICELLES9.3 THE STRUCTURE OF LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS9.4 THE LAMELLAR LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE9.5 THE HEXAGONAL LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES9.6 THE DISCONTINUOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUIDCRYSTAL PHASES9.7 THE BICONTINOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALPHASES9.8 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS9.9 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LIQUID CRYSTALS9.10 CHROMONIC LIQUID CRYSTALSChapter 10 Polymers, Oligomers & Dendrimers - Big and Beautiful 10.1 MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS10.2 POLYMERS, OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS10.3 MESOGENIC MOIETIES INCORPORATED IN POLYMERS,OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS10.4 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO POLYMERBACKBONES10.5 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO DENDIMERS10.6 PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION IN ORGANIZED MEDIAChapter 11 Liquid Crystal Science - Techniques and Instruments11.1 INTRODUCTION11.2 POLARIZED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY11.3 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY11.4 REFRACTOMETRY AND CONOSCOPY11.5 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 11.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE11.7 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 11.8 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS11.9 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS11.10 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS11.11 DEVICE TECHNIQUES Chapter 12 Liquid Crystals in Electric and Magnetic Fields - A Delicate Response12.1 ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY12.2 MAGNETIZATION12.3 FREDERIKS TRANSITION12.4 HELIX UNWINDING TRANSITION12.5 BOUNDARIES12.6 CONVECTIVE INSTABILITIES12.7 FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALSChapter 13 Light and Liquid Crystals - A Panoply of Color13.1 POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES13.2 BIREFRINGENCE13.3 OPTICAL RETARDATION13.4 JONES CALCULUS13.5 CIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY13.6 OPTICS OF CHIRAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS13.7 LIGHT SCATTERING13.8 INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN THE ISOTROPIC PHASEChapter 14 Liquid Crystal Displays - Here, There, and Everywhere14.1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS14.2 TWISTED NEMATIC DISPLAYS14.3 VERTICALLY ALIGNED NEMATIC DISPLAYS14.4 IN-PLANE SWITCHING NEMATIC DISPLAYS14.5 FERROELECTRIC SMECTIC DISPLAYS 14.6 LCD TECHNOLOGY14.7 COMPENSATORS Chapter 15 Other Applications - Optical Fiber Networks to Shampoo15.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL ON SILICON TECHNOLOGY15.2 SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS15.3 CIRCULAR POLARIZERS15.4 TEMPERATURE SENSORS15.5 LUBRICANTS15.6 HIGH YIELD STRENGTH POLYMERS15.7 DETERGENTS, COSMETICS, FOOD, AND DRUGSIndex