Description
HarperTorch Listening Woman (Joe Leaphorn Novels) by Tony Hillerman
The state police and FBI are baffled when an old man and a teenage girl are brutally murdered. The blind Navajo Listening Woman speaks of ghosts and of witches. But Lieutenant Leaphorn of the Navajo Tribal Police knows his people as well as he knows cold-blooded killers. His incredible investigation carries him from a dead man's secret to a kidnap scheme, to a conspiracy that stretches back more than one hundred years. Leaphorn arrives at the threshold of a solution—and is greeted with the most violent confrontation of his career. Abstract ix List of Symbols xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Types of Stirling Engines 2 1.3 Stirling Engine Designs 4 1.4 Free-Piston Stirling Engines 6 1.5 Gamma Type Engine 18 References 27 2 Liquid Piston Engines 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Objectives 32 2.3 Brief Overview of Pumps and Heat Engines 33 2.4 Heat Engine 38 2.5 Clever Pumps 42 2.6 History and Development of Stirling Engines 45 2.7 Operation of a Stirling Engine 48 2.8 Working Gas 53 2.9 Pros and Cons of Stirling Engine 53 2.10 Low Temperature Difference Stirling Engine 54 2.11 Basic Principle of a Fluidyne 55 2.12 Detailed Working of a Fluidyne 57 2.13 Role of Evaporation 61 2.14 Regenerator 61 2.15 Pumping Setups 62 2.16 Tuning of Liquid Column 63 2.17 Motion Analysis 64 2.18 Losses 65 2.19 Factors Affecting Amplitude 66 2.20 Performance of Engine 67 2.21 Design 67 2.22 Assembly 70 2.23 Calculation 71 2.24 Experiments 72 2.25 Results 74 2.26 Comparison Within Existing Commercial Devices 76 2.27 Improvements 78 2.28 Future Scope 79 2.29 Conclusion 80 2.30 Numerical Analysis 80 References 83 3 Customer Satisfaction Issues 87 3.1 Durability Issues 87 3.2 Testing of Engines 88 3.3 Design of Systems 88 3.4 Systems Durability 89 References 89 4 Lubrication Dynamics 91 4.1 Background 91 4.2 Friction Features 93 4.3 Effects of Varying Speeds and Loads 94 4.4 Friction Reduction 94 4.5 Piston-Assembly Dynamics 95 4.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Oil Pressure 96 4.7 Introduction 102 4.8 Background 104 4.9 Occurrence of Piston Slap Events 105 4.10 Literature Review 110 4.11 Piston Motion Simulation Using COMSOL 114 4.12 Force Analysis 117 4.13 Effects of Various Skirt Design Parameters 120 4.14 Numerical Model of Slapping Motion 131 4.15 Piston Side Thrust Force 132 4.16 Frictional Forces 133 4.17 Determination of System Mobility 133 4.18 Conclusion 143 5 NVH Features of Engines 145 5.1 Background 145 5.2 Acoustics Overview of Internal Combustion Engine 146 5.3 Imperial Formulation to Determine Noise Emitted from Engine 149 5.4 Engine Noise Sources 151 5.5 Noise Source Identification Techniques 154 5.6 Summary 157 References 158 6 Diagnosis Methodology for Diesel Engines 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Power Spectral Density Function 162 6.3 Time Frequency Analysis 162 6.4 Wavelet Analysis 163 6.5 Conclusion 164 References 165 7 Sources of Noise in Diesel Engines 167 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Combustion Noise 168 7.3 Piston Assembly Noise 168 7.4 Valve Train Noise 170 7.5 Gear Train Noise 170 7.6 Crank Train and Engine Block Vibrations 171 7.7 Aerodynamic Noise 171 7.8 Bearing Noise 171 7.9 Timing Belt and Chain Noise 172 7.10 Summary 174 References 175 8 Combustion Based Noise 179 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Background of Combustion Process in Diesel Engines 180 8.3 Combustion Phase Analysis 183 8.4 Combustion Based Engine Noise 184 8.5 Factors Affecting Combustion Noise 186 8.6 In Cylinder Pressure Analysis 187 8.7 Effects of Heat Release Rate 187 8.8 Effects of Cyclic Variations 188 8.9 Resonance Phenomenon 189 8.10 In Cylinder Pressure Decomposition Method 189 8.11 Mathematical Model of Generation of Combustion Noise 192 8.12 Evaluation of Combustion Noise Methods 193 8.13 Summary 199 References 199 9 Effects of Turbo Charging in S.I. Engines 203 9.1 Abstract 203 9.2 Fundamentals 204 9.3 Turbochargers 205 9.4 Turbocharging in Diesel Engines 206 9.5 Turbocharging of Gasoline Engines 207 9.6 Turbocharging 208 9.7 Components of Turbocharged SI Engines 208 9.8 Intercooler 213 9.9 Designing of Turbocharger 213 9.10 Operational Problems in Turbocharging of SI Engines 222 9.11 Methods to Reduce Knock in S.I Engines 223 9.12 Ignition Timing and Knock 223 9.13 Charge Air Cooling 224 9.14 Downsizing of SI Engines 225 9.15 Techniques Associated with Turbo Charging of SI Engines Boosting Systems 225 10 Emissions Control by Turbo Charged SI Engines 231 11 Scope of Turbo Charging in SI Engines 233 12 Summary 235 13 Conclusions and Future Work 237 13.1 Conclusions 237 13.2 Contributions 237 13.3 Future Recommendations 238 References 240 List of Important Terms 243 Bibliography 247 Glossary 249 Index 251