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Springer Maternal Influences on Fetal Neurodevelopment Clinical and Research Aspects 1st Editon 2014 Softbound by Andrew W. Zimmerman, Susan L. Connors
Novel Approaches into the Origins of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Fetal Physiology Foundation Over the past two decades, autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder that is defined by behavior and was once believed to be rare, became recognized in increasing numbers of children and recently received distinction as an “epidemic” [1]. While numbers of affected children have steadily increased, our knowledge is still ins- ficient to explain autism’s diverse causes and broad range of presentations. Despite remarkable progress in research, available medical diagnostic testing applies only to a small minority of affected children. Thus, scientifically based explanations with which physicians can diagnose and treat the majority of children with autism and advise their parents are quite limited. Our society and scientific community were unprepared for the rise in autism, which explains our present inability to understand most of its causes. Researchers in neurodevelopmental disorders have long been aware of other disorders that, despite extensive efforts, have not yielded clear genetic or environmental origins, and autism has become symbolic of the need for new approaches to research into these complex conditions. Although autism has captured our attention in recent years, the prevalence of other neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention de- cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder, among others, also has been increasing [2–4]. Brave New World: The Intrauterine Environment as the Biological Foundation for the Lifespan.- In the Beginning.- Maternal Influences on the Developing Fetus.- Implications of Maternal Programming for Fetal Neurodevelopment.- Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy: Effects on the Developing Fetal Brain.- Obstetric Factors Related to Perinatal Brain Injury.- Activation of the Maternal Immune System as a Risk Factor for Neuropsychiatric Disorders.- Prenatal Infections and Schizophrenia in Later Life – Focus on Toxoplasma gondii.- Maternally Acting Alleles in Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Role of HLA-DR4 Within the Major Histocompatibility Complex.