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John Wiley Neurodegeneration And Alzheimers Disease The Role Of Diabetes Genetics Hormones And Lifestyle (Hb 2019) by Martins R.N.
Understanding the impact of diet, exercise, genetics, and hormones on the risk and development of Alzheimer's and other neurogenerative diseasesDiet is widely known to impact on neurological function. Nevertheless, academic texts discussing this relationship are relatively few in number. This book therefore fills an important gap in the current literature. Opening with an overview of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, the text then focuses on explaining the means by which glycemic control and lipid metabolism - and associated nutritional and lifestyle variables - may factor into such disorders' prevention and treatment. An international group of experts in the fields of food science and neurodegeneration have contributed chapters that examine Alzheimer's disease within a broad range of contexts. Offering dietary, genetic, and hormonal perspectives, the authors explore topics ranging from sugar consumption to digestive fermentation, and Alzheimer's disease animal models to the cognition-enhancing effects of physical exercise. Also included are overviews of the latest research into current and developing methods of treatment and diagnosis, as well as differential diagnostics. This groundbreaking book:Explores how glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and high intake of refined carbohydrates are linked to Alzheimer's diseaseDiscusses how genetic makeup can impact risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseaseExamines cognitive changes in neurodegeneration, lists current tests for determining cognitive impairment, and provides information concerning differential diagnosisDiscusses potential advantages of increasing antioxidant and micronutrient intakeReviews hormonal influences on neurodegenerationExamines the links between protein intake and Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease is an essential resource for researchers, medical practitioners, dietitians, and students with an interest in neurological diseases and their diagnosis and risk factors, as well as diet-related conditions such as diabetes and obesity. Lifestyle and diet influence neurodegeneration risk, and a better understanding of this evidence amongst health professionals will hopefully lead to greater public awareness of how to reduce the likelihood of these widespread conditions. List of Contributors xv1 Current Understanding of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases, and the Potential Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Reducing the Risks of Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline 1Charles S. Brennan, Margaret A. Brennan, W.M.A.D. Binosha Fernando and Ralph N. MartinsReferences 72 Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases 9Stephanie J. Fuller, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Kathryn G. Goozee, Anoop Sankaranarayanan and Ralph N. Martins2.1 Introduction 92.2 Alzheimer's Disease 92.2.1 Pathology 92.2.2 Symptoms 102.2.3 Incidence 112.2.4 Onset and Risk Factors 122.2.5 Treatment 122.2.6 Potential for AD Prevention 132.3 Frontotemporal Lobe Dementia 132.3.1 Neuropathology and Causes 142.3.2 Treatment 152.3.3 Diagnosis and Clinical Overlap with Other Diseases 152.4 Vascular Dementia 162.4.1 Symptoms and Diagnosis 162.4.2 Causes and Risk Factors 162.4.3 Prevention and Treatment 172.4.4 Dementia with Lewy Bodies 182.4.5 Causes 182.4.6 Symptoms 182.4.7 Diagnosis of DLB 182.4.7.1 Clinical Approach to Dementias 192.5 Parkinson's Disease 192.5.1 Onset 222.5.2 Causes and Risk Factors 222.5.3 Incidence 222.5.4 Pathology 222.5.5 Treatment 232.6 Huntington's Disease 242.6.1 Genetics of the Disease 242.6.2 Incidence and Prevalence 252.6.3 Pathology 252.6.4 Treatment 262.7 Motor Neuron Diseases 272.7.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 272.7.2 Spinal Muscular Atrophy 272.7.3 Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 272.7.4 Onset of MND and Differential Diagnosis 282.7.5 Incidence, Causes, and Risk Factors 282.7.6 Pathology 292.7.7 Treatment 302.8 Prion Diseases 302.8.1 Causes 312.8.2 Symptoms and Diagnosis 312.8.3 Treatment 322.8.4 Differential Diagnosis of the Various Types of Dementia 322.8.5 DLB Treatment 332.9 Summary 33References 343 Current and Developing Methods for Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease 43Stephanie J. Fuller, Nicholas Carrigan, Hamid R. Sohrabi and Ralph N. Martins3.1 Introduction 433.2 Classical Post-Mortem Diagnosis 433.2.1 Plaques 443.2.2 Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) 443.2.3 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) 443.2.4 Glial Responses 453.2.5 Brain Shrinkage 453.2.6 Loss of Synapses and Neurons 453.3 Clinical Diagnosis 453.3.1 Initial Assessment/Screening Tools 473.3.1.1 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 473.3.1.2 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 473.3.1.3 Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 473.3.1.4 Clock Drawing 483.3.1.5 Seven-Minute Screen 483.3.1.6 Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog) 483.3.1.7 Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS) 483.3.1.8 Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) 493.3.1.9 Mini-Cog 493.3.1.10 Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) 493.3.1.11 The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Neuropsychological Battery (nb) and Other Tests 493.4 Brain Imaging in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 513.4.1 Imaging Tests in AD Diagnosis: Established Tests 513.4.1.1 Computed Tomography (CT) 513.4.1.2 Electroencephalography (EEG) 513.4.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), for the Assessment of Morphological Changes, and the Detection of Stroke 523.4.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 523.4.1.5 FDG-PET 523.4.2 Imaging Tests in AD Diagnosis: More Recently Developed Tests 523.4.2.1 MRI for Measuring Regional Blood Flow 533.4.2.2 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan 543.4.2.3 PiB-PET 543.4.3 The Rapidly Evolving Diagnostic Criteria 553.4.4 CSF Biomarkers of AD 563.4.4.1 A , Tau, and A PP-Related Biomarkers 563.4.4.2 Other Potential CSF Protein Biomarkers 573.4.4.3 Potential Lipid Biomarkers in the CSF 583.4.5 Blood Biomarkers of AD 603.4.5.1 A Peptides in Plasma 603.4.5.2 Other Potential Blood Biomarkers 623.4.5.3 Blood Proteins 623.4.6 Blood Lipids 643.4.7 Metabolites 653.4.8 Blood Platelets 663.4.9 Genetic Risk Factors 673.4.10 The Eye as a Window to the Brain 683.4.11 miRNA Tests 693.5 Conclusions 71References 724 The Link Between Diabetes, Glucose Control, and Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases 89Giuseppe Verdile, Paul E. Fraser and Ralph N.Martins4.1 Introduction 894.2 The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on the Brain 904.3 Evidence from Cell Culture, Animal, and Clinical Studies 934.3.1 CNS Insulin Signalling and Disruptions in AD 934.3.2 The Accumulation of A Is Associated with Impaired Insulin Signalling 944.3.3 Insulin Resistance Promotes the Accumulation of A 954.3.4 Impairments in Insulin Signalling Can Induce Hyperphosphorylation of Tau 964.3.5 Type 2 Diabetes and Neuroinflammation 964.3.6 Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in T2D and AD 974.3.7 Targeting Type 2 Diabetes to Slow Down Progression/Prevent Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Decline 994.4 Conclusions 103References 1035 Diet and Nutrition, and their Influence on Alzheimer's Disease and other Neurodegenerative Diseases 117Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith, Rhona Creegan, Stephanie J. Fuller, Michele L. Callisaya and Velandai Srikanth5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Dietary Patterns 1185.3 Key Macronutrients 1195.3.1 Dietary Fatty Acids 1195.3.2 Cholesterol 1205.3.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1215.3.4 Dietary Carbohydrates 1225.4 Key Micronutrients 1245.4.1 Water Soluble Vitamins 1255.4.1.1 B Vitamins 1255.4.2 Fat Soluble Vitamins 1285.4.2.1 Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal, and Retinoic Acid) 1285.4.2.2 Vitamin D 1295.4.2.3 Vitamin E 1305.4.3 Dietary Minerals 1315.4.3.1 Selenium 1315.4.3.2 Manganese 1325.4.3.3 Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Calcium 1325.5 Conclusion 134References 1356 Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism: Influences on Cognition and Alzheimer's Disease 149W.M.A.D. Binosha Fernando, Veer B. Gupta, Vijay Jayasena, Charles S. Brennan and Ralph N.Martins6.1 Carbohydrates 1496.1.1 Carbohydrate Digestion 1496.1.2 Glucose Ingestion and Use 1516.1.3 Glucose and Insulin, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes (Short Summary) 1516.1.4 Relative Intake of Carbohydrate and Its Impacts on Neurodegenerative Disease Risk 1526.1.5 Ketogenic Diets 1546.1.6 Glucose and Its Effects on Cognition 1546.1.7 Possible Mechanisms Related to Memory Enhancement with Glucose 1576.1.7.1 Glucose and the Hippocampus 1586.1.7.2 Glucose Availability in Brain Cells 1586.1.7.3 Glucose and the Central Cholinergic System 1596.1.7.4 ATP-Regulated Potassium (K-ATP) Channels and Brain Control of Glucose Homeostasis 1596.1.7.5 Effects of High Fructose Diets 1606.1.7.6 Sucrose 1616.2 Proteins 1616.2.1 Protein Metabolism in General 1626.2.2 Links Between Specific Amino Acids and Brain Function 1636.2.2.1 Tryptophan 1636.2.2.2 Tyrosine 1646.2.3 Clinical Studies of Protein Supplementation 1656.2.4 Links Between Loss of Protein Function and Neurodegeneration 1676.2.5 Clearance Mechanisms Associated with Proteinopathies Involved in Neurodegeneration 1686.2.6 Role of Protein Crosslinking and Inflammation in Neurodegeneration and AD 1706.3 Conclusion 171References 1717 Fat and Lipid Metabolism and the Involvement of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease 189Eugene Hone, Florence Lim and Ian J. Martins7.1 Introduction 1897.2 Alzheimer's Disease 1897.3 Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism 1907.3.1 Cholesterol Synthesis and Metabolism 1907.3.2 Oxysterols 1917.3.2.1 Oxysterols in AD 1917.3.3 Pathways of Dietary (Exogenous) Lipid Homeostasis 1927.3.4 Pathways of Endogenous Lipid Homeostasis 1937.3.5 Peripheral Clearance of Lipoproteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport 1957.3.5.1 Lipoproteins in the CNS 1977.4 Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Isoforms 1977.4.1 ApoE in the Brain 1987.4.2 Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease 1987.4.2.1 ApoE Binding to A 1997.4.2.2 ApoE in the Cellular Clearance of A 2007.4.2.3 ApoE and Antioxidant Properties 2017.4.2.4 ApoE and Tissue Transglutaminase 2017.4.2.5 Apolipoprotein J (Clusterin, CLU) 2027.5 LRP-1 in the Brain and Its Role in A Clearance 2037.5.1 LDL, HDL, and AD 2037.5.2 Statins, Cholesterol, and AD 2047.6 The Role of Lipid Rafts in Neurodegenerative Diseases 2057.7 Changes to Glycerophospholipids in Alzheimer's Disease 2067.7.1 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids 2077.7.1.1 Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Modern Diets, and Health Implications 2087.8 Sphingolipids 2087.8.1 Ceramides 2087.8.2 Sulfatides 2097.8.3 Gangliosides 2097.9 Conclusions 210References 2108 Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease, and Prevention with Antioxidants and Phenolic Compounds -What Are the Most Promising Candidates? 233Matthew J. Sharman, Giuseppe Verdile, Shanmugam Kirubakaran and Gerald Munch8.1 Introduction 2338.2 Inflammation and the Immune Response in AD 2338.2.1 The Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in Chronic Inflammation in AD 2338.3 Oxidative Stress 2368.3.1 Advanced Glycation End Products 2378.3.2 Involvement of the Complement System in AD 2388.3.3 Involvement of Cytokines and Chemokines in Inflammation 2398.3.4 Inflammation - Susceptibility to A Deposition or Aggregation 2408.3.5 Inflammation Can Influence A PP Metabolism and A Clearance Directly 2418.4 Current Medications for AD 2428.4.1 Current Medications - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine 2428.5 Disease Modification and Treatment Approaches 2438.5.1 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) 2438.6 Some Anti-inflammatory Foods, Supplements, and Newly Developed Drugs for the Treatment of AD 2448.6.1 Cinnamon/Cinnamaldehyde 2448.6.2 ( )Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) and Other Green Tea Polyphenols 2458.6.3 Curcumin 2478.6.4 Other Polyphenolic Antioxidants 2488.6.5 Omega-3 (n-3) Essential Fatty Acids 2498.6.6 Lipoic Acid 2508.7 Conclusion 253References 2539 Cognitive Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases 267Hamid R. Sohrabi and Michael Weinborn9.1 Introduction 2679.2 Dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease 2689.2.1 Subjective Cognitive Decline [4] and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) 2689.2.2 Memory Impairments in AD 2719.2.2.1 Episodic Memory 2719.2.2.2 Semantic Memory 2729.2.2.3 Prospective Memory (PM) 2729.2.3 Attention and Executive Dysfunction in AD 2739.2.4 Language 2749.2.5 Visuospatial Abilities 2769.2.6 Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's Disease with Dementia 2769.2.7 Vascular Dementia 2779.2.8 Frontotemporal Dementia 2799.3 Conclusions 281References 28210 Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease 291Prashant Bharadwaj10.1 Introduction 29110.2 Transgenic Mouse Models 29210.3 Knock-in AD Mice Models 29610.4 Non-Transgenic and Other Mammalian Animal Models 29710.5 Drug Development and Translational Issues 29810.6 Correlations Between Animal Models of AD and Human AD 30010.7 Experimental Design and Reporting 30110.8 The Future of Animal Models in AD 302References 30311 The Products of Fermentation and Their Effects on Metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) 311W.M.A.D Binosha Fernando, Charles S. Brennan and Ralph N.Martins11.1 Introduction 31111.2 Fermentable Substrates and Short-Chain Fatty Acids 31211.2.1 Colonic Microflora and Fermentation 31311.2.1.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics 31311.2.2 Propionic Acid (PPA) 31511.2.3 Acetic Acid 31511.2.4 Butyric Acid 31511.2.5 Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Free Fatty-Acid Receptor Signalling 31611.2.6 Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Energy Intake 31611.2.7 Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Energy Expenditure 31911.2.8 Regulation of Fatty-Acid Metabolism by SCFA 32011.2.9 Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Glucose Regulation 32011.2.10 Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism by Short-Chain Fatty Acids 32111.2.11 Regulation of Inflammation by Short-Chain Fatty Acids 32211.2.12 Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Neuroprotection 32411.3 Conclusions 325References 32612 Hormonal Expression Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases 335Giuseppe Verdile, Anna M. Barron and Ralph N. Martins12.1 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis 33512.1.1 Dysregulation of the HPG Axis During Ageing 33612.2 Roles for Sex Steroids and Gonadotropins in the Neurodegenerative Process in AD 33912.2.1 Sex Steroids Modulate A Accumulation 34012.2.2 Sex Steroids and Oxidative Stress 34212.2.3 Sex Steroids and Inflammation 34412.2.4 Testosterone and Diabetes 34612.2.5 A Role for Gonadotropins in AD Pathogenesis 34712.3 Hormone-based Therapies 34912.3.1 The Oestrogens 34912.3.2 Testosterone Therapy 35012.3.3 Selective Oestrogen or Androgen Receptor Modulators (SERM or SARM) 35212.3.4 Gonadotropin-Lowering Agents 35412.4 Conclusions 355References 35513 The Link Between Exercise and Mediation of Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases 371Belinda Brown and Tejal M. Shah13.1 Introduction 37113.2 Physical Activity Promotes Health and Well-being 37213.3 Neuroplasticity 37213.4 The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognition Across the Human Lifespan 37313.4.1 Childhood 37313.4.2 Adulthood and Midlife 37413.4.3 Older Adults 37513.5 Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Dementia and AD 37613.6 Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Exercise and Brain Health 37613.6.1 Evidence from Molecular and Cellular Research 37713.6.2 Neurotrophins 37813.6.3 Hormonal Pathways 37913.6.4 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Mechanisms 38013.6.5 Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies 38013.7 The Effect of Genetics on the Relationship Between Exercise and Brain Health 38113.8 Future Directions 382References 382Contents xiii14 Current and Prospective Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease (and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases) 391Steve Pedrini, Mike Morici and Ralph N. Martins14.1 Introduction 39114.2 Current and Potential Medical Treatments 39114.2.1 Treatments That Influence Neurotransmission 39114.2.1.1 Cholinergic System 39114.2.1.2 Other Neurotransmitters 39614.2.2 Cholesterol-Lowering Medications 39914.2.3 Immunotherapy 40014.2.3.1 Active Immunotherapy (A ) 40114.2.3.2 Active Immunotherapy (tau) 40214.2.3.3 Passive Immunotherapy (A ) 40214.2.3.4 Passive Immunotherapy (tau) 40414.2.4 Targeting the A -Producing Pathway 40514.2.4.1 -Secretase 40614.2.4.2 -Secretase 40614.2.4.3 -Secretase 40714.2.5 Other Compounds Affecting A 40814.2.6 Other Compounds Affecting Tau 41014.2.7 Inflammatory Targets 41114.3 Conclusions 412References 41215 The Role of Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease 443Tenielle Porter, Aleksandra K. Gozt, Francis L. Mastaglia and Simon M. Laws15.1 Introduction 44315.2 Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease 44415.3 Autosomal Dominant AD (ADAD) 44515.3.1 Understanding the Importance of APP and the Presenilins in AD 44515.4 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) 44715.5 Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) 44715.6 Presenilin 2 (PSEN2) 44815.7 Genetic Contributions to Sporadic Late-Onset AD (LOAD) 44915.8 Cholesterol Metabolism 44915.8.1 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 44915.8.2 Clusterin (CLU) 45215.8.3 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A7 (ABCA7) 45315.9 Immune Response 45415.9.1 Complement Receptor 1 (CR1) 45415.9.2 CD33(Myeloid Cell Surface Antigen CD33; Sialic Acid-Binding Immunoglobulin-Like Lectin 3) 45515.9.3 Membrane Spanning 4 Domains, Subfamily A (MS4A) 45615.9.4 Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 45615.9.5 Further Genetic Associations Implicating the Immune Response 45715.10 Endocytosis 45815.10.1 Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1) 45915.10.2 Phosphatidylinositol Binding Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid Protein (PICALM) 46015.10.3 CD2-Associated Protein (CD2AP) 46115.10.4 Further Genetic Associations Implicating Endocytosis 46215.10.5 Variants in APP and Genes for APP-Metabolising Proteins 46315.10.6 Further Mechanisms Implicated Through Genetic Associations 46415.11 Genetics of Parkinson's Disease 46515.12 Monogenic forms of PD 46615.12.1 Autosomal Dominant Forms 46615.12.1.1 PARK 1 (SNCA) 46615.12.1.2 PARK 8 (LRRK2) 46715.12.1.3 PARK 11 (GIGYF2) 46815.12.1.4 PARK 17 (VPS35) 46815.12.1.5 PARK 18 (EIF4G1) 46815.12.2 Autosomal Recessive Forms 46915.12.2.1 PARK 2 (PRKN) 46915.12.2.2 PARK 6 (PINK 1) 46915.12.2.3 PARK 7 (DJ-1) 47015.12.2.4 PARK 9 (ATP13A2) 47015.12.2.5 PARK 14 (PLA2G6) 47015.12.2.6 PARK 15 (FBXO7) 47115.12.3 Genetic Contributions to Late-Onset Sporadic PD (LOPD) 47115.12.4 Common Variants in PD Genes 47115.12.5 Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) 47215.12.6 Immune-Inflammatory Genes 47215.12.7 Mitochondrial DNA Variants 47315.13 Conclusion 473References 474Final Thoughts Regarding Alzheimer's Disease, Diet, and Health 499Charles S. Brennan, Margaret A. Brennan, W.M.A.D. Binosha Fernando, Stephanie J. Fuller and Ralph N.MartinsList of Abbreviations 503Index 511show more