Description
JOHN WILEY Nuclear And Particle Physics An Introduction 3Rd Edition 2019 by Brian R. Martin, Graham Shaw
Updated and expanded edition of this well-known Physics textbook provides an excellent Undergraduate introduction to the fieldThis new edition of Nuclear and Particle Physics continues the standards established by its predecessors, offering a comprehensive and highly readable overview of both the theoretical and experimental areas of these fields. The updated and expanded text covers a very wide range of topics in particle and nuclear physics, with an emphasis on the phenomenological approach to understanding experimental data. It is one of the few publications currently available that gives equal treatment to both fields, while remaining accessible to undergraduates.Early chapters cover basic concepts of nuclear and particle physics, before describing their respective phenomenologies and experimental methods. Later chapters interpret data through models and theories, such as the standard model of particle physics, and the liquid drop and shell models of nuclear physics, and also discuss many applications of both fields. The concluding two chapters deal with practical applications and outstanding issues, including extensions to the standard model, implications for particle astrophysics, improvements in medical imaging, and prospects for power production. There are a number of useful appendices. Other notable features include:New or expanded coverage of developments in relevant fields, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson, recent results in neutrino physics, research to test theories beyond the standard model (such as supersymmetry), and important technical advances, such as Penning traps used for high-precision measurements of nuclear masses.Practice problems at the end of chapters (excluding the last chapter) with solutions to selected problems provided in an appendix, as well as an extensive list of references for further reading.Companion website with solutions (odd-numbered problems for students, all problems for instructors), PowerPoint lecture slides, and other resources.As with previous editions, the balanced coverage and additional resources provided, makes Nuclear and Particle Physics an excellent foundation for advanced undergraduate courses, or a valuable general reference text for early graduate studies. Preface xiNotes xiii1 Basic concepts 11.1 History 11.1.1 The origins of nuclear physics 11.1.2 The emergence of particle physics: hadrons and quarks 61.1.3 The standard model of particle physics 91.2 Relativity and antiparticles 111.3 Space-time symmetries and conservation laws 131.3.1 Parity 141.3.2 Charge conjugation 161.3.3 Time reversal 171.4 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 201.4.1 Interactions 201.4.2 Feynman diagrams 211.5 Particle exchange: forces and potentials 241.5.1 Range of forces 241.5.2 The Yukawa potential 251.6 Observable quantities: cross-sections and decay rates 261.6.1 Amplitudes 271.6.2 Cross-sections 291.6.3 The basic scattering formulas 311.6.4 Unstable states 331.7 Units 36Problems 1 372 Nuclear phenomenology 412.1 Mass spectroscopy 432.1.1 Deflection spectrometers 432.1.2 Kinematic analysis 452.1.3 Penning trap measurements 462.2 Nuclear shapes and sizes 512.2.1 Charge distribution 522.2.2 Matter distribution 562.3 Semi-empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model 592.3.1 Binding energies 592.3.2 Semi-empirical mass formula 602.4 Nuclear instability 642.5 Decay chains 672.6 decay phenomenology 692.6.1 Odd-mass nuclei 702.6.2 Even-mass nuclei 712.7 Fission 722.8 decays 762.9 Nuclear reactions 76Problems 2 813 Particle phenomenology 833.1 Leptons 833.1.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 833.1.2 Universal lepton interactions; the number of neutrinos 863.1.3 Neutrinos 883.1.4 Neutrino mixing and oscillations 903.1.5 Oscillation experiments 933.1.6 Neutrino masses and mixing angles 1013.1.7 Lepton numbers revisited 1033.2 Quarks 1043.2.1 Evidence for quarks 1043.2.2 Quark generations and quark numbers 1063.3 Hadrons 1093.3.1 Flavour independence and charge multiplets 1093.3.2 The simple quark model 1133.3.3 Hadron decays and lifetimes 1173.3.4 Hadron magnetic moments and masses 1193.3.5 Heavy quarkonia 1263.3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 133Problems 3 1354 Experimental methods 1394.1 Overview 1394.2 Accelerators and beams 1424.2.1 DC accelerators 1424.2.2 AC accelerators 1434.2.3 Neutral and unstable particle beams 1504.3 Particle interactions with matter 1524.3.1 Short-range interactions with nuclei 1534.3.2 Ionisation energy losses 1544.3.3 Radiation energy losses 1574.3.4 Interactions of photons in matter 1584.3.5 Ranges and interaction lengths 1594.4 Particle detectors 1604.4.1 Gaseous ionisation detectors 1624.4.2 Scintillation counters 1674.4.3 Semiconductor detectors 1694.4.4 Cerenkov counters and transition radiation 1704.4.5 Calorimeters 1734.5 Detector Systems 176Problems 4 1825 Quark dynamics: the strong interaction 1855.1 Colour 1855.2 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 1875.2.1 The strong coupling constant 1905.2.2 Screening, antiscreening and asymptotic freedom 1935.3 New forms of matter 1945.3.1 Exotic hadrons 1945.3.2 The quark-gluon plasma 2015.4 Jets and gluons 2045.4.1 Colour counting 2055.5 Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure 2075.5.1 Scaling 2075.5.2 The quark-parton model 2105.5.3 Scaling violations and parton distributions 2115.5.4 Inelastic neutrino scattering 2155.6 Other processes 2175.6.1 Jets 2195.6.2 Lepton pair production 2215.7 Current and constituent quarks 224Problems 5 2266 Weak interactions and electroweak unification 2296.1 Charged and neutral currents 2296.2 Charged current reactions 2316.2.1 W+/--lepton interactions 2326.2.2 Lepton-quark symmetry and mixing 2346.2.3 W-boson decays 2386.2.4 Charged current selection rules 2396.3 The third generation 2426.3.1 More quark mixing 2436.3.2 Properties of the top quark 2466.4 Neutral currents and the unified theory 2476.4.1 Electroweak unification 2476.4.2 The Z0 vertices and electroweak reactions 2506.5 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 2526.5.1 Unification and the gauge principle 2536.5.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 2556.5.3 Properties of the Higgs boson 2576.5.4 Discovery of the Higgs boson 259Problems 6 2667 Symmetry breaking in the weak interaction 2717.1 P violation, C violation, and CP conservation 2717.1.1 Muon decay symmetries 2737.1.2 Parity violation in electroweak processes 2757.2 Spin structure of the weak interactions 2777.2.1 Left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos 2777.2.2 Particles with mass: chirality 2797.3 Neutral kaons: particle-antiparticle mixing and CP violation 2817.3.1 CP invariance and neutral kaons 2817.3.2 CP violation in K0L decay 2837.3.3 Flavour oscillations and CPT invariance 2857.4 CP violation and flavour oscillations in B decays 2897.4.1 Direct CP violation in decay rates 2907.4.2 B0 B0 mixing 2917.4.3 CP violation in interference 2957.5 CP violation in the standard model 299Problems 7 3028 Models and theories of nuclear physics 3058.1 The nucleon-nucleon potential 3058.2 Fermi gas model 3088.3 Shell model 3108.3.1 Shell structure of atoms 3108.3.2 Nuclear shell structure and magic numbers 3128.3.3 Spins, parities, and magnetic dipole moments 3158.3.4 Excited states 3188.4 Nonspherical nuclei 3198.4.1 Electric quadrupole moments 3198.4.2 Collective model 3228.5 Summary of nuclear structure models 3238.6 decay 3248.7 decay 3278.7.1 V A theory 3278.7.2 Electron and positron momentum distributions 3298.7.3 Selection rules 3308.7.4 Applications of Fermi theory 3328.8 decay 3378.8.1 Selection rules 3378.8.2 Transition rates 339Problems 8 3409 Applications of nuclear and particle physics 3439.1 Fission 3439.1.1 Induced fission and chain reactions 3449.1.2 Thermal fission reactors 3489.1.3 Radioactive waste 3529.1.4 Power from ADS systems 3549.2 Fusion 3579.2.1 Coulomb barrier 3579.2.2 Fusion reaction rates 3589.2.3 Nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution 3619.2.4 Fusion reactors 3669.3 Nuclear weapons 3719.3.1 Fission devices 3719.3.2 Fission/fusion devices 3749.4 Biomedical applications 3779.4.1 Radiation and living matter 3779.4.2 Radiation therapy 3809.4.3 Medical imaging using ionising radiation 3859.4.4 Magnetic resonance imaging 3909.5 Further applications 3959.5.1 Computing and data analysis 3959.5.2 Archaeology and geophysics 3969.5.3 Accelerators and detectors 3979.5.4 Industrial applications 398Problems 9 39810 Some outstanding questions and future prospects 40110.1 Overview 40110.2 Hadrons and nuclei 40210.2.1 Hadron structure and the nuclear environment 40210.2.2 Nuclear structure 40510.3 Unification schemes 40710.3.1 Grand unification 40710.3.2 Supersymmetry 41210.3.3 Strings and things 41710.4 The nature of the neutrino 41810.4.1 Neutrinoless double beta decay 42010.5 Particle astrophysics 42610.5.1 Neutrino astrophysics 42710.5.2 Cosmology and dark matter 43210.5.3 Matter-antimatter asymmetry 43810.5.4 Axions and the strong CP problem 441A Some results in quantum mechanics 445A.1 Barrier penetration 445A.2 Density of states 447A.3 Perturbation theory and the Second Golden Rule 449A.4 Isospin formalism 452A.4.1 Isospin operators and quark states 452A.4.2 Hadron states 454Problems A 456B Relativistic kinematics 457B.1 Lorentz transformations and four-vectors 457B.2 Frames of reference 459B.3 Invariants 461Problems B 463C Rutherford scattering 465C.1 Classical physics 465C.2 Quantum mechanics 467Problems C 469D Gauge theories 471D.1 Gauge invariance and the standard model 471D.1.1 Electromagnetism and the gauge principle 471D.1.2 The standard model 474D.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 478Problems D 481E Short answers to selected problems 483References 487Index 491Inside Rear Cover: Table of constants and conversion factors