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ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Political Violence in Judaism Christianity and Islam From Holy War to Modern Terror 2015 Edition by Jonathan Fine
Religious political violence is by no means a new phenomenon, yet there are critical differences between the various historical instances of such violence and its more current permutations. Since the mid-1970s, religious fundamentalist movements have been seeking to influence world order by participating in local political systems. For example, Islamic fundamentalism is at the heart of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, the Christian fundamental right wing has seen a resurgence in Europe, and Jewish fundamentalism is behind the actions of Meir Kahane's Kach movement and the settler movement. The shift in recent years from secular to religious political violence necessitates a reevaluation of contemporary political violence and of the concept of religious violence. This text analyzes the evolution of religious political violence, in both historical and contemporary perspectives. Since religious political violence events are usually associated with the term "terrorism," the book first analyzes the origins of this controversial term and its religious manifestations. It then outlines and highlights the differences between secular and religious political violence, on ideological, strategic, and tactical levels, before comparing the concept of Holy War in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Lastly, it shows how modern radical monotheistic religious groups interpret and manipulate their religious sources and ideas to advocate their political agendas, including the practice of violence. A unique comparative study of religious political violence across Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, this text features many international case studies from the Crusades to the Arab Spring. Table of contents :- General IntroductionPart One: The Origins of Political Violence and 'Terror'Introduction to Part OneChapter 1: Ancient and Medieval Concepts1.1 Terror and Political Violence: How to Address the Topic?1.2 The Ancient Near East1.3 The Ancient Hebrews1.4 The Greco-Roman World1.5 Medieval Europe1.6 The Arab WorldChapter 2: The Rise of Modern Secular-Agenda Political Violence 2.1 Revolutionizing the Term 'Terrorism'2.2 Post-French Revolution Terminology2.3 The Use of the Terms 'Terror' and 'Horror' in Modern Literature2.4 Post-World War Two Guerrilla and Terrorist Organizations2.5 Terrorism and the Media2.6 The "Secular Formative Text"2.7 Enemy-Definition in Western Culture and its Concept in Secular Terrorist Organizations and Guerrilla Movements2.8 Secular Middle Eastern Groups2.9 The Terminology of 'Terror' & 'Terrorism' in a Historical PerspectiveChapter 3: The Rise of Modern Religious-Agenda Political Violence3.1 Religion and Political Violence in Early-Modern Political Thought3.2 Political Science, International Relations, and Religion: Social Movement - Theory, Resource Mobilization Theory, Primordialism, Constructivism and Instrumentalism3.3 Comparative Religion3.4 Current Research on Holy War in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam3.5 Current Research on Modern Jewish, Christian and Muslim Fundamentalism3.6 The "Formative Religious Text": between Personality - Cult and Text Cult: a Different Approach3.7 Enemy-Perception by Radical Religious Groups p. 743.8 Secular and Religious Texts on a Comparative Level: "Who is the -Enemey?"Part Two: The Early Origins of Holy War in Monotheism:Judaism, Christianity, and IslamIntroduction to Part TwoChapter 4: The Origins of Holy War in Judaism4.1 Holy War Terminology in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam4.2 The Hebrew Bible 4.3 Classic Jewish Interpretations: the Mishna4.4 Classic Jewish Interpretations: the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds4.5 Medieval Commentators: Rashi, Maimonides and Nahmanides 4.6 The Fate of Amalek and the Question of Total Eradication4.7 Prohibition against National Revival by Force4.8 The Midrash Interpretation: The Ill Fate of the Tribe of Ephraim4.9 Apocryphal Literature: Enemy Definition and War in the War Scroll4.10 Preliminary Changes in Jewish Interpretation towards the Three Vows: Rabbi Yosef Chaim Chapter 5: The Origins of Holy War in Christianity5.1 Unique Attributes of Holy War in Christianity5.2 The Impact of Classic Sources5.3 The Impact of Jewish Sources5.4 Concepts of War and Peace in the New Testament5.5 Government and State in the New Testament5.6 The Concept of Just War in the Christian Roman Empire: FromConstantine to St. Augustine5.7 Holy War and the Crusade5.8 Thomas of AquinasChapter 6: The Origins of Holy War in Islam6.1 The Concept of Warfare in the Quran and the Meaning of Jihad6.2 Post-Quranic Interpretations of the Term Jihad6.3 Attitudes to Non-Muslims and the Concept of Dhimmi during Islam's ExpansionPart Three: From Holy War to Modern TerrorIntroduction to Part ThreeChapter 7: The Rise of Modern Religious Violence in Judaism7. 1 The Rise of Modern Nationalism and Anti-Semitism7. 2 The British Mandate and the Impact of Rabbi Avraham Kook7. 3 The Anti-Zionist Orthodox Camp7. 4 The Impact of the Holocaust and Rabbi Moshe Yoel Teitelbaum7. 5 Religious Violence Following the Establishment of the State of Israel7. 6 The Impact of the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War7. 7 Reclaiming the Temple Mount7. 8 The Six Day War and the Anti-Zionist Orthodox7. 9 From Crisis to Violence: The Impact of the Camp David Accords, 19797.10 Rabbi Meir Kahane and the Kach Movement p.1837.11 The Jewish Underground (ha Machteret ha Yehudit) and Yehuda Etzion7.12 From the Oslo Agreements to the Second Intifada: 1993 - 20007.13 The Evacuation of Gaza: 20057.14 'Torat ha Melech' ('The King's Way') and its Impact7.15 'Price Tag' - 'Tag Mechir'Chapter 8: The Rise of Modern Religious Violence in Christianity8.1 Early Modern Origins8.2 Early Modern Pacifist Trends8.3 The Discovery of the New World and the Attitude towards the Natives8.4 Christianity, Enlightenment, War and Peace8.5 Christian Attitudes towards War and Peace during the 19th Century8.6 World War One and its Impact8.7 The Resurgence and Failure of Pacifism: 1919-19398.8 World War Two and its Impact8.9 Christian Attitudes towards War and Peace during the Cold War: The WWC and the 1965 Vatican Council on Modern War8.10 The Rise of the 'Christian Right' in America8.11 The Christian Right and the Ideology of Christian Zionism8.12 Violence in the Name of God and the Christian Identity Groups in the US: From the KKK to the 'Army of God'8.13 Christian Identity Groups Outside the US and the Massacre in NorwayChapter 9: The Rise of Modern Religious Violence in Islam9.1 General Background9.2 Sunni Radicalism: the Rise of the Society of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.9.3 The Ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood9.4 Shiite Radicalism: Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution in Iran9.5 Abduallah Yusuf Azam and the Idea of Global Jihad9.6 The Use of Violence and Redefining the Status of the Modern Dhimmi9.7 The 'Afghan Alumni' and the Legacy of Azam9.8. The Practice of Violence against the Enemy: Past and Present9.9 The Impact of Radical Islam on the Palestinians 9.10 The Arab Spring9.11 The Controversy Concerning Political IslamSummary and Conclusions:Bibliography