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Taylor & Francis Ltd Principles Of Enhanced Heat Transfer 2Nd Edition 2005 by Ralph L. Webb, Nae-Hyun Kim
This book is essential for anyone involved in the design of high-performance heat exchangers or heat devices, also known as "second generation heat transfer technology." Enhanced surfaces are geometrics with special shapes that promote much higher rates of heat transfer than smooth or plain surfaces. This revision presents the subject matter just beyond the introductory level and traces the advancement of heat transfer research in areas such as integral-fin and micro-fin tubes, complex plate-fin geometries, and micro-channels for single-phase and two-phase applications. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 THE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES Passive Techniques Active Techniques 1.2.3 Technique vs. Mode 1.3 PUBLISHED LITERATURE General Remarks U.S. Patent Literature Manufacturer's Information 1.4 BENEFITS OF ENHANCEMENT 1.5 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENHANCED SURFACES Heat (and Mass) Exchanger Types of Interest Illustrations of Enhanced Tubular Surfaces Enhanced Fin Geometries for Gases Plate Type Heat Exchangers Cooling Tower Packings Distillation and Column Packings Factors Affecting Commercial Development 1.6 DEFINITION OF HEAT TRANSFER AREA 1.7 POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCEMENT PEC Example 1.1 PEC Example 1.2 1.8 REFERENCES CHAPTER 2: HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS2.l INTRODUCTION 2.2 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN THEORY Thermal Analysis Heat Exchanger Design Methods Comparison of LMTD and NTU Design Methods 2.3 FIN EFFICIENCY 2.4 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND FRICTION FACTORS Laminar Flow Over Flat Plate Laminar Flow in Ducts Turbulent Flow in Ducts Tube Banks (Single-Phase Flow) Film Condensation Nucleate Boiling 2.5 CORRECTION FOR VARIATION OF FLUID PROPERTIES Effect of Changing Fluid Temperature Effect Local Property Variation 2.6 REYNOLDS ANALOGY 2.7 FOULING OF HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES 2.8 CONCLUSIONS 2.9 REFERENCES 2.10 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 3: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOWS3.1 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA (PEC) 3.2 PEC FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS 3.3 PEC FOR SINGLE PHASE FLOW Objective Function and Constraints Algebraic Formulation of the PEC Simple Surface Performance Comparison Constant Flow Rate Fixed Flow Area 3.4 THERMAL RESISTANCE ON BOTH SIDES 3.5 RELATIONS FOR St AND f 3.6 HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS 3.7 EFFECT OF REDUCED EXCHANGER FLOW RATE 3.8 FLOW NORMAL TO FINNED TUBE BANKS 3.9 VARIANTS OF THE PEC 3.10 COMMENTS ON OTHER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Shah Soland et al. 3.11 CONCLUSIONS 3.12 REFERENCES 3.13 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 4: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGERS4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGERS 4.3 ENHANCEMENT IN TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS Work Consuming Systems Work Producing Systems Heat Actuated Systems 4.4 PEC FOR TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 4.5 PEC CALCULATION METHOD PEC Example 4.1 PEC Example 4.2 4.6 CONCLUSIONS 4.7 REFERENCES 4.8 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 5: PLATE-AND-FIN EXTENDED SURFACES5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 OFFSET-STRIP FIN 5.2.1 Enhancement Principle5.2.2 PEC Example 5.1 5.2.3 Analytically Based Models for j and f vs. Re 5.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Region 5.2.5 Correlations for j and f vs. Re 5.2.6 Use of OSF with Liquids 5.2.7 Effect of Percent Fin Offset 5.2.7 Effect of Burred Edges5.3 LOUVER FIN 5.3.1 Heat Transfer and Friction Correlations 5.3.2 Flow Structure in the Louver Fin Array 5.3.3 Analytical Model for Heat Transfer and Friction 5.3.4 PEC Example 5.2 5.4 CONVEX LOUVER FIN 5. 5 WAVY FIN 5.6 3-DIMENSIONAL CORRUGATED FINS 5.7 PERFORATED FIN 5.8 PIN FINS AND WIRE MESH 5.9 VORTEX GENERATORS 5.9.1 Types of Vortex Generators 5.9.2 Vortex Generators on a Plate-Fin Surface 5.10 METAL FOAM FIN 5.11 PLAIN FIN PEC Example 5.3 5.12 ENTRANCE LENGTH EFFECTS 5.13 PACKINGS FOR GAS-GAS REGENERATORS 5. 14 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 5.14.1 Offset-strip fins 5.14.2 Louver Fins 5. 14.3 Wavy Channels 5.14.4 Chevron Plates 5.14.5 Summary 5.15 CONCLUSIONS 5.16 REFERENCES 5.13 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 6: EXTENDED SURFACES OUTSIDE TUBES6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND THE REYNOLDS NUMBER Dimensionless Variables Definition of Reynolds Number Definition of the Friction Factor Sources of Data 6.3 PLAIN PLATE-FINS ON ROUND TUBES Effect of Fin SpacingCorrelations for Staggered Tube Geometries Correlations for Inline Tube Geometries 6.4 PLAIN INDIVIDUALLY FINNED TUBES Circular Fins with Staggered Tubes Low Integral-Fin Tubes 6.5 ENHANCED PLATE FIN GEOMETRIES WITH ROUND TUBES Wavy Fin Offset Strip Fins Convex Louver Fins Louvered Fin Perforated Fins Mesh Fins Vortex Generators 6.6 ENHANCED CIRCULAR FIN GEOMETRIES Illustrations of Enhanced Fin Geometries Spine or Segmented Fins Wire Loop Fins 6.7 OVAL AND FLAT TUBE GEOMETRIES Oval vs. Circular Individually Finned TubesFlat Extruded Aluminum Tubes with Internal Membranes Plate-and-Fin Automotive Radiators Vortex Generators on Flat or Oval Fin-Tube Geometry 6.8 ROW EFFECTS - STAGGERED AND INLINE LAYOUTS 6.9 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION (PLAIN FINS)Experimental Methods Plate Fin and Tube Measurements Circular Fin and Tube Measurements6.10 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES Geometries Compared Analysis Method Calculated Results 6. 11 PROGRESS ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION 6.12 RECENT PATENTS ON ADVANCED FIN GEOMETRIES 6.13 HYDROPHILIC COATINGS 6.14 CONCLUSIONS 6.15 REFERENCES 6.16 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 7: INSERT DEVICES FOR SINGLE PHASE FLOW7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 TWISTED TAPE INSERT Laminar Flow Predictive Methods for Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow PEC Example 7.1 Twisted Tapes in Annuli Twisted Tapes in Rough Tubes 7.3 SEGMENTED TWISTED TAPE INSERT 7.4 DISPLACED ENHANCEMENT DEVICES Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow PEC Example 7.2 7.5 WIRE COIL INSERTS Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow 7.6 EXTENDED SURFACE INSERT 7.7 TANGENTIAL INJECTION DEVICES 7.8 CONCLUSIONS 7.9 REFERENCES 7.10 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 8: INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES AND ANNULI8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow PEC Example 1 8.3 SPIRALLY FLUTED TUBES The General Atomics Spirally Fluted Tube Spirally Indented Tube 8.4 ADVANCED INTERNAL FIN GEOMETRIES 8.5 FINNED ANNULI 8.6 CONCLUSIONS 8.7 REFERENCES 8.8 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 9 INTEGRAL ROUGHNESS9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 ROUGHNESS WITH LAMINAR FLOW 9.3 HEAT-MOMENTUM TRANSFER ANALOGY CORRELATION Friction Similarity Law PEC Example 9.1 Heat Transfer Similarity Law Smooth Surfaces Rough Surfaces 9.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS Transverse Rib Roughness Integral Helical-Rib Roughness Wire Coil Inserts Corrugated Tube Roughness PEC Example 9.2 9.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS 9.6 PRACTICAL ROUGHNESS APPLICATIONSTubes with Inside Roughness Rod Bundles and Annuli Rectangular Channels Outside Roughness for Cross Flow 9.7 GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS St and f vs. Reynolds Number Other Correlating Methods Prandtl Number Dependence 9.8 HEAT TRANSFER DESIGN METHODS Design Method 1 Design Method 2 9.9 PREFERRED ROUGHNESS TYPE AND SIZE Roughness Type PEC Example 9.3 9.10 NUMERICAL SIMULATION Predictions for Transverse-Rib Roughness Effect of Rib Shape The Discrete-Element Predictive Model 9.11 CONCLUSIONS 9.12 REFERENCES 9.12 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 10: FOULING ON ENHANCED SURFACES10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 FOULING FUNDAMENTALS Particulate Fouling 10.3 FOULING OF GASES ON FINNED SURFACES 10.4 SHELL SIDE FOULING OF LIQUIDS Low Radial Fins Axial Fins and Ribs in Annulus Ribs in Rod Bundle 10.5 FOULING OF LIQUIDS IN INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES 10.6 LIQUID FOULING IN ROUGH TUBES Accelerated Fouling Long Term Fouling 10.7 LIQUID FOULING IN PLATE-FIN GEOMETRY 10.8 CORRELATIONS FOR FOULING IN ROUGH TUBES 10.9 MODELING OF FOULING IN ENHANCED TUBES 10.10 FOULING IN PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS 10.11 CONCLUSIONS 10.12 REFERENCES 10.13 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 11 POOL BOILING11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 EARLY WORK ON ENHANCEMENT (1931-1962) 11.3 SUPPORTING FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES11.4 TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR ENHANCEMENT Abrasive Treatment Open Grooves Three-Dimensional Cavities Etched Surfaces Electroplating Pierced Three-dimensional Cover Sheets Attached Wire and Screen Promoters Nonwetting Coatings Oxide and Ceramic Coatings Porous Surfaces Structured Surfaces (Integral Roughness) Combination Structured and Porous Surfaces Composite Surfaces 11.5 SINGLE-TUBE POOL BOILING TESTS OF ENHANCED SURFACES 11.6 THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS Liquid Superheat Effect of Cavity Shape and Contact Angle on Superheat Entrapment of Vapor in Cavities Effect of Dissolved Gases Nucleation at a Surface Cavity Bubble Departure Diameter Bubble Dynamics 11.7 BOILING HYSTERESIS AND ORIENTATION EFFECTS Hysteresis Effects Size and Orientation Effects 11.8 BOILING MECHANISM ON ENHANCED SURFACES Basic Principles Employed Visualization of Boiling in Subsurface Tunnels Boiling Mechanism in Subsurface Tunnels Chien and Webb Parametric Boiling Studies 11.9 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR STRUCTURED SURFACES Empirical Correlations Nakayama et al. [1980b] Chien and Webb Model Ramaswamy et al. Model [2003] Jiang et al. Model [2001] Other Models Evaluation of Models 11.10 BOILING MECHANISM ON POROUS SURFACES O'Neill et al. Thin Film Concept Kovalev et al. [1990] Concept 11.11 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR POROUS SURFACES O'Neill et al. [1972] Model Kovalov et al. [1990] Model Nishikawa et al. [1983] Correlation Zhang and Zhang [1992] Correlation 11.12 CRITICAL HEAT FLUX 11.13 ENHANCEMENT OF THIN FILM EVAPORATION 11.14 CONCLUSIONS 11.15 REFERENCES 11.16 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 12: VAPOR SPACE CONDENSATION12.1 INTRODUCTION Condensation Fundamentals Basic Approaches to Enhanced Film Condensation 12.2 DROPWISE CONDENSATION 12.3 SURVEY OF ENHANCEMENT METHODS Coated Surfaces Roughness Horizontal Integral-Fin Tubes Corrugated Tubes Surface Tension Drainage Vertical Fluted Tubes Electric Fields 12.4 SURFACE TENSION DRAINED CONDENSATION Fundamentals Adamek's Generalized AnalysisPractical Fin Profiles Prediction for Trapezoidal Fin Shapes 12.5 HORIZONTAL INTEGRAL-FIN TUBE The Beatty and Katz Model Precise Surface Tension Drained Models Approximate Surface Tension Drained Models Comparison of Theory and Experiment 12.6 HORIZONTAL TUBE BANKS Condensate Inundation without Vapor Shear Condensate Drainage Pattern Prediction of the Condensation Coefficient 12.7 CONCLUSIONS 12.8 REFERENCES 12.9 NOMENCLATURE APPENDIX A: THE KEDZIERSKI AND WEBB [1990] FIN PROFILE SHAPES APPENDIX B: FIN EFFICIENCY IN THE FLOODED REGION CHAPTER 13 CONVECTIVE VAPORIZATION13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 FUNDAMENTALS Flow Patterns Convective Vaporization in Tubes Two-Phase Pressure Drop Effect of Flow Orientation on Flow Pattern Convective Vaporization in Tube Bundles Critical Heat Flux 13.3 ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN TUBES Internal Fins Swirl Flow Devices Roughness Coated Surfaces Perforated Foil Inserts Porous Media Coiled Tubes and Return Bends 13.4 THE MICROFIN TUBE Early Work on the Microfin Tube Recent Work on the Microfin Tube Special Microfin Geometries Microfin Vaporization Data 13.5 MINI-CHANNELS 13.6 CRITICAL HEAT FLUX (CHF) Twisted Tape Grooved Tubes Mesh Inserts 13.7 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR IN-TUBE FLOW High Internal Fins Microfins Twisted Tape Inserts Corrugated Tubes Porous Coatings 13.8 TUBE BUNDLES Convective Effects in Tube Bundles Starting Hysteresis in Tube Bundles 13.9 PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS 13.10 THIN FILM EVAPORATION Horizontal Tubes Vertical Tubes 13.11 CONCLUSIONS 13.12 REFERENCES CHAPTER 14: CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 FORCED CONDENSATION INSIDE TUBES Internally Finned Tubes Twisted-tape Inserts. Roughness Coiled Tubes and Return Bends 14.3 MICROFIN TUBE Microfin Geometry Details Optimization of Internal Geometry Condensation Mechanism in Microfin Tubes Convective Condensation in Special Microfin Geometries 14.4 FLAT TUBE AUTOMOTIVE CONDENSERS Condensation Data for Flat, Extruded Tubes Other Predictive Methods of Condensation in Flat Tubes 14.5 PLATE-TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS 14.6 NON-CONDENSIBLE GASES 14.7 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR CIRCULAR TUBES High Internal Fins Wire Loop Internal Fins Twisted-tapes Roughness Microfins 14.8 CONCLUSIONS 14.8 REFERENCES 14.9 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 15 ENHANCEMENT USING ELECTRIC FIELDS 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 ELECTRODE DESIGN AND PLACEMENT 15.3 SINGLE-PHASE FLUIDS 15.3.1 Enhancement on Gas Flow 15.3.2 Enhancement on Liquid Flow 15.3.3 Numerical Studies 15.4 CONDENSATION 15.4.1 Fundamental Understanding 15.4.2 Vapor Space Condensation 15.4.3 In-tube Condensation 15.4.4 Falling Film Evaporation 15.4.5 Correlations 15.5 BOILING 15.5.1 Fundamental Understanding 15.5.2 Pool Boiling 15.5.3 Convective Vaporization 15.5.4 Critical Heat Flux 15.5.5 Correlations 15.6 CONCLUSIONS 15.7 REFERENCES 15.8 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 16: SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE IN THE GAS PHASE Condensation with Noncondensible Gases Evaporation into Air Dehumidifying Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers Water Film Enhancement of Finned Tube Exchanger 16.3 CONTROLLING RESISTANCE IN LIQUID PHASE 16.4 SIGNIFICANT RESISTANCE IN BOTH PHASES 16.5 CONCLUSIONS 16.6 REFERENCES 16.7 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 17 ADDITIVES FOR GASES AND LIQUIDS17.1 INTRODUCTION 17.2 ADDITIVES FOR SINGLE-PHASE LIQUIDS Solid Particles PEC Example Gas Bubbles Suspensions in Dilute Polymer and Surfactant Solutions 17.3 ADDITIVES FOR SINGLE-PHASE GASES Solid Additives Liquid Additives 17.4 ADDITIVES FOR BOILING 17.5 ADDITIVES FOR CONDENSATION 17.6 CONCLUSIONS 17.7 REFERENCES 17.8 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 18 MICRO-CHANNELS18.1 INTRODUCTION 18.2 FRICTION IN SINGLE MICRO-CHANNELS 18.3 FRICTION IN A SINGLE CHANNEL VS. MULTI-CHANNELS 18.4 SINGLE-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER IN MICRO-CHANNELS 18.4.1 Single Channel Flow 18.4.2 Heat Transfer in Multiple Micro-channels18.5 MANIFOLD SELECTION AND DESIGN 18.5.1 Single-Phase Flow 18.5.2 Two-Phase Flow 18.6 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW IN MANIFOLDS 18.7 TWO-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER IN MICRO-CHANNELS 18.8 CONCLUSIONS 18.9 REFERENCES 18.10 NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 19 ELECTRONIC COOLING HEAT TRANSFER19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 COMPONENT THERMAL RESISTANCES 19.3 LIMITS ON DIRECT HEAT REMOVAL WITH AIR-COOLING (DirHR) 19.3.1 PEC Example 19.1 Enhanced Fin Geometry Heat Sink Table 19.1 Performance Of Plain Fin And Offset Strip Fin Heat Sinks. 19.4 2nd GENERATION IndHR DEVICES FOR HEAT REMOVAL AT HOT SOURCE 19.4.1 Single-Phase Fluids 19.4.2 Two-Phase Fluids 19.4.3 Heat Pipe 19.4.4 Nucleate Boiling 19.4.5 Forced Convection 19.4.6 Spray Cooling 19.5 DISCUSSION OF ADVANCED HEAT REMOVAL CONCEPTS 19.5.1 Jet Impingement/Spray Cooling Devices 19.5.2 Single-Phase Micro-Channel Cooling 19.5.3 Two-Phase Micro-Channel Cooling 19.5.4 Enhanced Two-Phase Forced Convection Cooling 19.6 REMOTE HEAT-EXCHANGERS FOR IndHR 19.6.1 Air-Cooled Ambient Heat-Exchangers 19.6.2 Condensing Surfaces 19.6.3 Design for Multiple Heat Sources 19.7 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FOR THE IndHR SYSTEM 19.8 CONCLUSIONS 19.9 REFERENCES 19.10 NOMENCLATURE PROBLEM SUPPLEMENTINDEXshow more