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Humana Press The Human Oncogenic Viruses Molecular Analysis and Diagnosis 1st Editon 2011 Softbound by Albert A. Luderer, Howard H. Weetall
The early, organ-specific diagnosis of malignancy continues to be a major unmet medical need. Clearly the ability to establish an early diagnosis of cancer is dependent upon an intimate knowledge of the cancer's biology, which if understood at the molecular level should identify key diagnostic and therapeutic manipulation points. Advances in recombinant gene technology have provided significant understanding of the mechanisms of action of oncogenic viruses, as well as of cancer-associated genomic sequences (onco genes). This text will explore the known molecular genetic, biolog ical, and clinical knowledge of selected human neoplasms that demonstrate association with suspected oncogenic virus and those cytogenetic alterations that either cause or are caused by oncogene activation. The text first reviews the cytogenetics of human cancers link ing classical cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Avery A. Sand berg (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York) reviews the leukemias and lymphomas, followed by S. Pathak (M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas), who reviews solid tumors. Functional consideration of oncogenes is highlighted by Keith C. Robbins and Stuart A. Aaronson (NO, Bethesda, Maryland) through their description of the v-sis locus sis and its gene product p.28 ; a protein that closely resembles human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Cytogenetics of the Leukemias and Lymphomas.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodologie Background and Considerations.- 3. Chromosome Changes in Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML).- 4. Oncogenes, the Ph, and CML.- 5. Karyotypic Aspects of the Acute Leukemias.- 6. Preleukemia and Myelodysplastic Disorders.- 7. Cytogenetic Changes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).- 8. Cytogenetic Aspects of Lymphoma.- 9. Diagnostic and Prognostic Aspects of Chromosome Changes in Leukemia and Lymphoma.- References.- Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Malignant Melanoma, Retinoblastoma, and Wilms’ Tumor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Procedures.- 3. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC).- 4. Malignant Melanoma (MM).- 5. Retinoblastoma (RB).- 6. Wilms’ Tumor (WT).- 7. Discussion.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Elucidation of a Normal Function for a Human Proto-Oncogene.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Primate Sarcoma Virus with Novel Properties.- 3. Molecular Cloning of the Biologically Active SSV Genome.- 4. Molecular Organization of the SSV Genome.- 5. Detection and Localization of a Non-SSAV-Related Region of SSV.- 6. v-sis Is Cell Derived and Required for SSV Transforming Activity.- 7. Predicted Coding Sequence of the SSV Transforming Gene.- 8. Detection of the SSV Transforming Gene Product.- 9. p28sis Is Related to Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor.- 10. Close Structural and Conformational Similarity Between the SSV Transforming Gene Product and Biologically Active PDGF.- 11. Anti-PDGF Serum Recognizes SSV Transforming Gene Products.- 12. The Human c-sis Locus.- 13. Mechanism of SSV Transformation.- References.- Detection of HSV-2 Genes and Gene Products in Cervical Neoplasia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Etiologic Factors.- 3. Herpes Genitalis Infections.- 4. Pathologic Features of Cervical Neoplasia.- 5. Seroepidemiologic Studies Linking HSV-2 to Cervical Neoplasia.- 6. Herpes-Specific Antigens in Cervical Neoplasia.- 7. HSV Genetic Sequences in Cervical Neoplasia.- 8. Postulated Mechanisms of Oncogenesis for Cervical Neoplasia.- References.- Papillomaviruses in Anogenital Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Papillomavirus Properties.- 3. Evidence for the Association of HPV with Anogenital Neoplasia.- 4. Detection of HPV Structural Antigens.- 5. Detection of HPV DNA Sequences.- 6. Papillomaviruses and Cancer.- References.- Human Epstein-Barr Virus and Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. EBV Virion, Antigens, and Genome.- 3. Oncogenicity of EBV.- 4. Ubiquity of EBV in Humans.- 5. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Cancer.- 6. Protection Against EBV-Induced Oncogenesis.- 7. Summary.- References.- Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Biology of Hepatitis B Virus.- 3. Molecular Analyses of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 4. Presence of Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Nonhepatocytes.- 5. Presence, State, and Molecular Structure of Hepatitis B Viral DNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 6. Expression of Viral Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 7. Molecular Mechanisms of Malignant Transformation of Hepatocytes.- 8. Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 9. Clinical Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Associated Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Kaposi’s Sarcoma.- 3. Kaposi’s Sarcoma and AIDS.- 4. KS and HLA.- 5. KS and CMV.- 6. AIDS-Etiologic Agent.- 7. African KS and AIDS.- 8. Summary.- References.