Description
Taylor & Francis Ltd Carrier Ethernetproviding The Need For Speed 2008 Edition by Gilbert Held
Facilitating high data transfers over long distances at a reasonable cost, Carrier Ethernet is solidifying its fundamental position as the core of next-generation networks. Since it first dazzled the IT world 40 years ago with its ability to move data over local networks, Ethernet has dramatically evolved in both form and function. And now, Carrier Ethernet, flexing its multi-gigabit muscle, is rapidly emerging as the undisputed technology of choice. As engaging as it is comprehensive, this volume- Examines the differences between the so-called flavors of EthernetProvides refreshers on virtual LANs (VLANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), and Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)Details Carrier advantages over other modalities with regard to network performanceDelves into Service Level Agreements, including ways to obtain a quality of service for the movement of voice and real-time video, as well as the creation of VLANs to facilitate the movement of dataDescribes various services that can be enabled over an Ethernet infrastructure All You Need to Know about this Carrier-Class System Ensuring seamless migration to Carrier Ethernet from existing technologies, as well as integration with emerging services, this text provides readers with the expert guidance needed to make full use of Ethernet technology, both now and into the future. Introduction to Carrier Ethernet Defining Carrier Ethernet Overview Rationale Expanded Use of Ethernet LANs Frame Compatibility Low Cost High Network Access Speeds Mass Market for Technology Business Continuity Enabling Technologies Copper and Fiber Infrastructure ADSL ADSL2 and ADSL2+ SHDSL VDSL VPNs Types of VPNs Protocols Service Provider Provisioned VPNs VLANs Broadcast Domain Reduction Facilitate Subnet Creation Reduce Hardware Requirements Traffic Control Types of VLANs MPLS Overview Architecture Operation Applications Interconnecting Distributed Offices Providing Real-Time Backup Voice, Video, and Data Support Challenges to Carrier Ethernet Total Cost of Operation Packet Overhead Management and Troubleshooting Reliability Security QoS Data Networking Concepts Transport Technologies LANs WANs Characteristics Wireless Data Protocols Ethernet Evolution IEEE Involvement Network Interfaces Network Equipment Network Interface Cards Hubs Operation Passive versus Intelligent Hubs Switches Operation Advantages Evolution Routers Operation Advantages Capabilities Firewall Placement Operation VPN Appliances Operation Advantages Combining Functions Network Facilities T1 The DSO Time Slot T-Carrier Hierarchy Channelized versus Non-Channelized SONET Optical Carrier Levels Framing Utilization The Flavors of Ethernet Metcalfe's Original Design Bus-Based Network Structure The DIX Standard DIX Version 2.0 IEEE 802.3 Standardization Division of Effort Physical Layer Effort Network Layer Effort Data Link Layer IEEE Changes from DIX 802.3 Frame Format Sub-Network Access Protocol The CSMA/CD Protocol Frame Size Early Ethernet The 10 Mbps Ethernet Family 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 10BROAD-36 10BASE-T Network Characteristics 5-4-3 Rule FOIRL and 10BASE-F Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T Layer Subdivision 100BASE-TX Network Configuration Coding Repeaters 100BASE-T4 100BASE-T4 Repeater Hub 100BASE-T2 Auto-Negotiation LIT Pulses FLP Pulses Parallel Detection Function The Base Page The Next Page Function Extended Next Page Function Priorities Option Considerations Fiber 100BASE-FX 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX Gigabit Ethernet Fiber-Based Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX Fiber Auto-Negotiation 1000BASE-ZX and LH Copper-Based Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-CX 1000BASE-T Summary 10 Gigabit Ethernet GbE versus 10 GbE Layers and Interfaces XGMII XAUI XGMII MAC PCS PMA PMD WAN Physical Layer 10 GbE over Copper 10GBASE-CX4 10GBASE-T Ethernet in the First Mile Architectures Physical Layer Interfaces Applications Advantages Use of Dual Fibers Use of Single Fibers EPON MPCP Frame Formats Basic Ethernet The Ethernet II/DIX Frame Preamble Field Destination Address Field Source Address Field Type Field Data Field Frame Check Sequence Field The 802.3 Frame Length Field Preamble Field Modification Type/Length Field Values The 802.2 Header Subnetwork Access Protocol LLC Header Operation The SNAP Frame IPX over Ethernet Full Duplex and the Pause Frame Advantages Flow Control PAUSE Frame Overview Frame Fields VLAN Tagging The 802.1Q Standard Advantages Frame Format SNAP Frames Frame Determination Fast Ethernet 4B5B Coding Delimiters Interframe Gap Gigabit Ethernet Carrier Extension Half-Duplex Use Frame Bursting Jumbo Frames Operation Length Rationale Advantages Problems and Solutions Performance Basic Ethernet SNAP Frames Gigabit Ethernet Frame Rates Mathematical Oddities Frame Rate Computations Gigabit Constraints LAN Switches Bridge Operations Transparent and Translating Bridges Plug-and-Play Operation Bridge Operation Intelligent Switching Hubs Basic Components Buffer Memory Delay Times Parallel Switching Switch Operations Switching Techniques Cross-Point Switching Operation Latency Store-and-Forward Filtering Capability Operation Delay Time Hybrid Switch Port Address Support Port-Based Switching Segment-Based Switching Applications Considering Port Capability Basic Switching Multi-Tier Networking Interconnecting Dispersed Offices Virtual LANs Characteristics Construction Basics Implicit versus Explicit Tagging Using Implicit Tagging Explicit Tagging The IEEE 802.1Q Standard Vendor Implementation Carrier Ethernet Services Overview The Metro Ethernet Forum Requirements for Use VLAN Tagging The 802.1P (Priority) Standard Latency Considerations Fiber Connectivity Transporting Ethernet in a Service Provider Network Operating over Other Transports Comparison to Other Layer 2 Protocols Ethernet Topologies Carrier Ethernet Service Types E-LINE E-LAN E-TREE Encapsulation Techniques VLAN Stacking Service Level Agreements and Quality of Service The Service Level Agreement Metrics Availability Latency Jitter MTTR Installation Time Bandwidth Provisioning Packet Loss Guaranteed Bandwidth SLA Problems OAM Overview OAM and Ethernet Ethernet OAMs Functions Testing Link-Layer OAM Service OAM Quality of Service Overview Soft versus Hard QoS Soft QoS Hard QoS QoS Actions Classification Policing Queuing Scheduling Cisco ML-Series Card