Description
Taylor & Francis Ltd Fitting The Human Introduction To Ergonomics Human Factors Engineering 2017 Edition by Karl H.E. Kroemer
This new edition undergraduate introductory textbook follows the motto of the previous versions: "Solid information, easy-to-read, easy to understand, easy to apply." The aim remains the same: "Human engineering" workplaces, tools, machinery, computers, lighting, shiftwork, work demands, the environment, officers, vehicles, the home - and everything else that we can design to fit the human. The new edition is up-to-date in content and language, in data and illustrations. Like previous versions, this book is for students and professionals in engineering, design, architecture, safety and management and to everybody else who wants to make work safe, efficient, satisfying, and even enjoyable. Preface xiiiAbout the Author xviiThe first page 1Section IThe human body1 Body sizes 51.1 Our Earth's populations 51.2 Measurements 51.3 No "average person" 111.4 Designing to fit the body 27Summary 29Fitting steps 30Further reading 30Notes 312 Mobility 332.1 Work in motion 332.2 Body joints 352.3 Designing for mobility 432.4 Workspaces 44vi ContentsSummary 51Fitting steps 51Notes 513 Muscular work 533.1 Physiological basics 533.2 Dynamic and static efforts, strength tests 583.3 Fatigue and recovery 623.4 Use of muscle strength data in design 63Summary 67Fitting steps 67Notes 674 Body strength 694.1 Static and dynamic strength exertions 704.2 Maximal or minimal strength exertion 724.3 Hand strength 734.4 Foot strength 764.5 Whole body strength 784.6 Design for use preferences 79Summary 83Fitting steps 83Further reading 84Notes 84Section IIThe human mind5 How we see 875.1 Our eyes 885.2 Seeing the environment 905.3 Dim and bright viewing conditions 97Summary 102Fitting steps 102Further reading 102Notes 103Contents vii6 How we hear 1056.1 Our ears 1056.2 Hearing sounds 1076.3 Noise and its effects 113Summary 123Fitting steps 124Notes 1247 How we sense objects and energy 1257.1 Sensing body movement 1257.2 The feel of objects, energy, and pain 1277.3 Designing for tactile perception 130Summary 134Fitting steps 135Notes 1358 How we experience indoor and outside climates 1378.1 Human thermoregulation 1378.2 Climate factors: Temperatures, humidity, drafts 1438.3 Our personal climate 1458.4 Working in hot environments 1488.5 Working in cold environments 1508.6 Climate effects on mental tasks 1538.7 Designing comfortable climates 153Summary 154Fitting steps 155Notes 156Section IIIBody and mind working together9 Mental activities 1619.1 The brain-nerve network 1619.2 Taking up and processing information 1709.3 Making decisions 1759.4 Actions and reactions 178viii ContentsSummary 181Fitting steps 182Notes 18210 Hard physical work 18510.1 Physiological principles 18510.2 Energy consumption 18610.3 Heart rate as a measure of work demands 19110.4 Limits of human labor capacity 19310.5 Designing heavy human work 197Summary 198Fitting steps 198Notes 20011 Light and moderate work 20111.1 Physiological and psychological principles 20211.2 Tiredness, boredom, and alertness at work 20511.3 Suitable postures at work 20811.4 Accurate, fast, skillful activities 211Summary 217Fitting steps 218Notes 21912 Task load and stress 22112.1 Task load 22112.2 Mental workload 22412.3 Distress 22512.4 Underload and overload 22712.5 Psychophysical assessments of task loads 228Summary 231Fitting steps 232Notes 232Contents ixSection IVOrganizing and managing work13 Working with others 23513.1 Getting along with others 23613.2 Motivation and behavior 23813.3 Task demands, job rewards 242Summary 244Fitting steps 245Notes 24514 The organization and you 24714.1 The human is in the center 24714.2 Organizational strategy 24914.3 Organizational structure 25014.4 Organizational conduits 25214.5 Organizational regulations and rules 25214.6 Organizational culture 25314.7 Individual thoughts, feelings, and behavior 25414.8 A good place to work 256Summary 257Fitting steps 258Notes 25915 Working hours and sleep 26115.1 Circadian body rhythms 26115.2 Sleep 26415.3 Rest pauses and time off work 26915.4 Daily and weekly working time 271Summary 276Fitting steps 277Further reading 277Notes 277x Contents16 Night and shift work 27916.1 Organizing shift work 28116.2 Three basic solutions for shift work 28216.3 Shift patterns 28416.4 Selecting suitable shift systems 285Summary 286Fitting steps 287Notes 287Section VHuman engineering17 Designing the home 29117.1 Designing for mother and child 29217.2 Designing for impaired and elderly persons 29317.3 Access, walkways, steps, and stairs 29317.4 Kitchen 29417.5 Bedroom, bath, and toilet 29517.6 Lighting, heating, and cooling 29717.7 Home office 297Summary 301Notes and more information 30218 Office design 30318.1 Office spaces 30418.2 The physical environment 30718.3 Office furniture 31718.4 Ergonomic design of the office workstation 322Summary 330Notes and more information 33319 Computer design and use 33719.1 Sholes' typewriting machine with itsQWERTY keyboard 33819.2 From typewriter to computer keyboard 33919.3 Human factors considerations for keyboarding 341Contents xi19.4 Input-related anthromechanical issues 34519.5 Possible design solutions 34619.6 Design alternatives for keyboards 34919.7 Designing for new syntax and diction 35019.8 Designing smart software 35119.9 Designs that combine solutions 351Summary 352Notes and more information 35320 Workplace design 35520.1 Sizing the workplace to fit the body 35520.2 On the feet or sitting down? 35820.3 Manipulating, reaching, grasping 36120.4 Displays and controls 364Summary 369Notes 37021 Load handling 37121.1 Material handling strains the body 37121.2 Body capabilities related to load handling 37221.3 Assessing load handling capabilities 37521.4 NIOSH's lifting and lowering guidelines 37821.5 Liberty Mutual's material handling guidelines 37921.6 Designing for easy load handling 381Summary 385Notes 38722 Healthcare for patients and providers 39122.1 Patient care and safety 39222.2 Care staff performance and safety 39222.3 Emergency medical services, paramedics,first aid physicians, ambulances 39322.4 Design of wheelchairs and hospital beds 39422.5 Moving patients 39522.6 Medication alerts 39722.7 Electronic personal and health records 39822.8 Medical devices 39922.9 Stress in the workplace 39922.10 Safety guidelines, standards, and laws 400xii ContentsSummary 400Notes 40123 Autonomous automobiles: Emerging ergonomicissues 40523.1 Road travel by automobile 40623.2 Reasons for reengineering road traffic 40623.3 Better ergonomics 40723.4 New technologies-New ergonomic challenges 410Summary 412Notes 41324 Making work efficient and pleasant 41524.1 Using our skills and interests; getting alongwith others at work 41524.2 Setting up our own work, workplace,and work environment 419Summary 424Notes and more information 425The last page 427References 429Index 445