Description
Wiley India Principles Of Electrical Safety by Peter E. Sutherland
The sections of this book are designed to provide an introduction to theory followed by a series of practical applications. The suggested prerequisites are circuit theory, electromagnetics and power systems analysis. The first three chapters examine the electrical fundamentals of resistance, inductance and capacitance as applied to the human body. This is followed by an analysis of the effects of current on the human body. Safety in substation grounding is the first practical application, focusing on step and touch potentials. The multi-grounded distribution system and the effect of ground return currents are examined next. The topic of arc flash hazard analysis is discussed, based upon industry standard IEEE 1584-2002.
About the Author
Peter Sutherland serves as lead consultant at GE Energy Services, in Schenectady, New York. He is a well-respected industry expert who has taught several courses on the topic. He is a fellow of IEEE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List Of Figures
List Of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Mathematics Used In Electromagnetism
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Numbers
1.3 Mathematical Operations with Vectors
1.4 Calculus with Vectors--The Gradient
1.5 Divergence, Curl, and Stokes' Theorem
1.6 Maxwell's Equations
Chapter 2 Electrical Safety Aspects Of The Resistance Property Of Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hazards Caused by Electrical Resistance
2.3 Resistance and Conductance
2.4 Example--Trunk of a Human Body
2.5 Example--Limb of a Human Body
2.6 Power and Energy Flow
2.7 Sheet Resistivity
2.8 Example--Square of Dry Skin
2.9 Spreading Resistance
2.10 Example--Circle of Dry Skin
2.11 Particle Conductivity
2.12 Examples--Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine Ions
2.13 Cable Resistance
Chapter 3 Capacitance Phenomena
3.1 Fundamentals of Capacitance
3.2 Capacitance and Permittivity
3.3 Capacitance in Electrical Circuits
3.4 Capacitance of Body Parts
3.5 Electrical Hazards of Capacitance
3.6 Capacitance of Cables
Chapter 4 Inductance Phenomena
4.1 Inductance in Electrical Theory
4.2 Inductance of Wires
4.3 Example--Inductance of a Conductor
4.4 Example--Inductance of Trunk and Limb
4.5 Inductors or Reactors
4.6 Skin Effect
4.7 Cable Inductance
4.8 Surge Impedance
4.9 Bus Bar Impedance Calculations
Chapter 5 Circuit Model Of The Human Body
5.1 Calculation of Electrical Shock Using the Circuit Model of the Body
5.2 Frequency Response of the Human Body
Chapter 6 Effect Of Current On The Human Body
6.1 Introduction to Electrical Shock
6.2 Human and Animal Sensitivities to Electric Current
6.3 Human Body Impedance
6.4 Effects of Various Exposure Conditions
6.5 Current Paths Through the Body
6.6 Human Response to Electrical Shock Varies with Exposure Conditions, Current Magnitude, and Duration
6.7 Medical Imaging and Simulations
Chapter 7 Fundamentals Of Ground Grid Design
7.1 Introduction to Ground Grid Design
7.2 Summary of Ground Grid Design Procedures
7.3 Example Design from IEEE Standard 80
Chapter 8 Safety Aspects Of Ground Grid Operation And Maintenance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effects of High Fault Currents
8.3 Damage or Failure of Grounding Equipment
8.4 Recommendations
Chapter 9 Grounding Of Distribution Systems
9.1 Stray Currents in Distribution Systems
9.2 Three-Phase Multi grounded Neutral Distribution Line
9.3 Secondary Systems: 120/240 V Single Phase
9.4 Remediation of Stray-Current Problems
9.5 Grounding and Overvoltages in Distribution Systems
9.6 High-Resistance Grounding of Distribution Systems
9.6.1 Methods of Determining Charging Current
Chapter 10 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
10.1 Introduction to Arc Flash Hazards
10.2 Factors Affecting the Severity of Arc Flash Hazards
10.3 Example Arc Flash Calculations
10.4 Remediation of Arc Flash Hazards
10.5 Coordination of Low-Voltage Breaker Instantaneous Trips for Arc Flash Hazard Reduction
10.6 Low-Voltage Transformer Secondary Arc Flash Protection using Fuses
Chapter 11 Effect Of High Fault Currents On Protection And Metering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Current Transformer Saturation
11.3 Saturation of Low-Ratio CTs
11.4 Testing of Current Transformer Saturation
11.5 Effect of High Fault Currents on Coordination
11.6 Protective Relay Ratings and Settings
11.7 Effects of Fault Currents on Protective Relays
11.8 Methods for Upgrading Protection Systems
Chapter 12 Effects Of High Fault Currents On Circuit Breakers
12.1 Insufficient Interrupting Capability
12.2 High Voltage Air Circuit Breakers
12.3 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
12.4 SF6 Circuit Breakers
12.5 Loss of Interruption Medium
12.6 Interrupting Ratings of Switching Devices
12.7 Circuit Breakers
12.8 Fuses
12.9 Case Studies
12.10 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
12.11 Testing of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
12.12 Testing of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Chapter 13 Mechanical Forces And Thermal Effects In Substation Equipment Due To High Fault Currents
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Definitions
13.3 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid Bus Bars
13.4 Dynamic Effects of Short Circuits
13.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Effects
13.6 Flexible Conductor Buses
13.7 Force Safety Devices
13.8 Substation Cable and Conductor Systems
13.9 Distribution Line Conductor Motion
13.10 Effects of High Fault Currents on Substation Insulators
13.11 Effects of High Fault Currents on Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS)
Chapter 14 Effect Of High Fault Currents On Transmission Lines
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Effect of High Fault Current on Non-Ceramic Insulators (NCI)
14.3 Conductor Motion Due to Fault Currents
14.4 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Horizontally Spaced Conductors
14.5 Effect of Conductor Shape
14.6 Conductor Equations of Motion
14.7 Effect of Conductor Stretch
14.8 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Vertically Spaced Conductors
14.9 Calculation Procedure
14.10 Calculation of Tension Change with Motion
14.11 Calculation of Mechanical Loading on Phase-to-Phase Spacers
14.12 Effect of Bundle Pinch on Conductors and Spacers
Chapter 15 Lightning And Surge Protection
15.1 Surge Voltage Sources and Wave shapes
15.2 Surge Propagation, Refraction, and Reflection
15.3 Insulation Withstand Characteristics and Protection
15.4 Surge Arrester Characteristics
15.5 Surge Arrester Application
References
Index