Description
Springer The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae 1st Editon 2012 Softbound by Sondra Schlesinger, Milton J. Schlesinger
The publication of this volume of The Viruses entitled The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae comes at an appropriate time. The structure and rep lication strategies of these viruses are now known to be sufficiently di verse to warrant the removal of flaviviruses from the Togaviridae family and establish them as an independent family. Flaviviridae have a special place in the history of virology. The prototype virus-yellow fever virus was the first virus to be identified as the cause of a human disease. Some of the history of this discovery is described in Chapter 1 of this volume; in Chapter 10 the complete sequence of the RNA genome of the virus is presented. This sequence not only defines the primary structure of the viral proteins, it also clarifies the mechanism of translation of the fla vivirus genome. Knowledge of the sequence of the structural proteins of these viruses represents an important step in the potential goal of using purified flavivirus glycoproteins as vaccines. Many of the chapters in this volume focus on the structure and replication of the Togaviridae. These viruses have provided valuable models for studies in cell biology, partic ularly with regard to the cotranslational and posttranslational steps re quired for the synthesis and localization of membrane glycoproteins. Fur thermore, Togaviridae have been pivotal in our growing understanding of how enveloped viruses enter and exit from cells. The broad outlines of the structure and gene expression of Togavir idae and Flaviviridae are known, but important questions remain. 1 Comparative and Historical Aspects of the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae.- I. Introduction.- II. Yellow Fever.- III. Early Studies on Viral Encephalitides.- IV. Arthropod-Borne Viruses.- V. Viral Classification and Nomenclature.- VI. Arbovirus Study Group: Togaviruses and Togaviridae.- VII. Non-Arthropod-Borne Togaviruses.- VIII. Contribution of the World Health Organization.- IX. Contribution of the American Committee on Arthropod-Borne Viruses.- X. Impact of Molecular Biology on Viral Classification.- XI. Flaviviridae as a Separate Family.- References.- 2 Alphavirus Structure.- I. Introduction.- II. General Properties.- III. Virion Assembly.- References.- 3 Structure and Replication of the Alphavirus Genome.- I. Introduction.- II. Structure of the Alphavirus Genome.- III. Nonstructural Proteins.- IV. Structural Proteins.- V. Replication and Transcription of Viral RNA.- VI. Evolution of the Alphavirus Genome.- VII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Entry of Alphaviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Attachment.- III. Endocytotic Uptake and Penetration.- IV. Inhibition of Entry.- V. Acid-Dependent Membrane Fusion.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Formation and Assembly of Alphavirus Glycoproteins.- I. Glycoprotein Structures and Domains.- II. Biosynthesis of Polypeptides.- III. Glycosylation.- IV. Fatty Acid Acylation.- V. Proteolytic Formation of E2.- VI. Localization of Glycoproteins to Intracellular Organelles.- VII. Expression of Virus Glycoproteins from Complementary DNAs.- VIII. Assembly and Budding of Virus.- IX. Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 6 Defective RNAs of Alphaviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Identification of Sequences Retained in the Defective Interfering Genomes of Sindbis and Semliki Forest Viruses.- III. Defective Interfering Particles of Alphaviruses and Persistent Infections.- IV. Defective Interfering Particles as a Probe for Analysis of Viral Replication and Identification of Host Factors.- V. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Replication of Alphaviruses in Mosquito Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Growth of Alphaviruses in Whole Insects and Insect Larvae.- III. Development of Cell Cultures for Use in Studies of Alphavirus-Insect Cell Interactions.- IV. Early Events in the Infection of Cultured Insect Cells with Alphaviruses.- V. Development of Alphaviruses during Acute Infection of Insect Cells.- VI. Role of Insect Host-Cell Functions in the Reproduction of Alphaviruses.- VII. Establishment and Maintenance of Persistent Alphavirus Infections of Insect Cells.- VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 8 Alphavirus Pathogenesis and Immunity.- I. Introduction.- II. Disease Pathogenesis.- III. Development of the Immune Response.- IV. Summary.- References.- 9 The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Studies of the Structural Proteins of Togaviruses and Flaviviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Alphaviruses.- III. Flaviviruses.- IV. Other Viruses.- V. Assessment of Future Research Goals.- References.- 10 Structure of the Flavivirus Genome.- I. Introduction.- II. Physical Structure of the Genome.- III. Genome Organization.- IV. Characteristics of Flavivirus Proteins from Sequence Data.- V. Structures in the Flavivirus Genome.- VI. Evolution of Flaviviruses.- VII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11 Replication of Flaviviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Virion Morphology and Composition.- III. Infection of Cultured Cells.- IV. Viral Morphogenesis.- V. Viral RNA Synthesis.- VI. Viral Protein Synthesis.- VII. Genetically Controlled Resistance to Flaviviruses.- VIII. Defective Interfering Particles.- IX. Persistent Infections.- X. Flavivirus Mutants.- XI. Summary.- References.- 12 Pathology of the Flaviviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Medical Importance of the Flaviviruses.- III. Pathobiological Significance of Natural Virus Variation and Heterogeneity.- IV. Pathogenesis of Flaviviral Encephalitis.- V. Pathogenesis of Fl